This document provides information about the angiosperms (flowering plants). It defines angiosperms and provides details about their characteristics such as having seeds enclosed in an ovary. It describes key parts of angiosperms like roots, stems, leaves and flowers. It also discusses the life cycle of angiosperms including sexual reproduction and pollination. The document outlines several economically important families of angiosperms like Rosaceae, Fabaceae, Solanaceae and Poaceae. It highlights the many uses of angiosperms including as food sources, medicines, fibers and more.

1. PREPARED BY:
 MARYAM NADEEM
 MOMINA SYEDA
 ARFA IFTIKHAR
 AYESHA KHADIJA

2. DEFINITION :
 “ The flowering plants , also known as angiosperms are the most diverse
group of land plants”.
 As the name indicates, in angiosperms the ovules and seeds are enclosed in a
sac like structure called ovary(fruit)
 The term angiosperm comes from a Greek word
“angeion” means “case or casing” and “sperma” means “seed”.
 It has 64 orders, 416 families, approximately 13000 genera and 300,000
known species.
 Today angiosperms make up about 80% of the plant species on Earth.

3.  The sporophyte is the dominant
phase of life history. It is
differentiated into root, stem and
leaf.
 The leaf show distinct venation
 Vascular tissues are well
developed.
 Sexual reproduction is carried out
by flowers which may be unisexual
or bisexual.

5.  The part of a plant which attaches it to the ground or to support ,
typically underground conveying water and nourishment to the
rest of the plant.

6.  The plant axis that have buds, shoots with leaves and at its end
present the roots . The stem conduct water, minerals and food to
other parts of a plant.

7.  Usually flattened green outgrowth from the stem of a plant .
 As the primary sites of photosynthesis , leaves manufacture
food plants , which in turn ultimately nourish and sustain all
land animals .

8.  They are structures that contain male and female reproductive parts
of an angiosperm.
 They are often design to attract insects and other animals that can
perform cross pollination between different plants .

9.  It is the male reproductive part of flower
 It produces the pollen grains that act like sperms for
angiosperm plant. Pollen grains contain male genetic
information and can be combined with female genetic
information in plant ovaries.

10.  They are the male reproductive material , which is smaller than
male reproductive materials of gymnosperms .
 Pollens can reach the female eggs faster and with higher rates
than gymnosperm reproductive cells .

11.  It is the female reproductive part of flower
 It enclose the ovary that are found inside flower. Ovaries
receive pollen grains and begin producing seeds and fruits
rapidly .

12.  The calyx may be gamosepalous (sepals united) or
polysepalous (sepals free).
 Generally, sepals are green, leaf-like and protect the flower
in the bud stage.
 They form the outermost whorl of the flower.
 Petals are usually brightly coloured to attract insects
for pollination.
 Corolla may be also free (gamopetalous) or united
(polypetalous).
 The shape and colour of corolla vary greatly in plants.
 It may be tubular, bell-shaped, funnel-shaped or wheel-
shaped.

13.  They have one cotyledon in seeds.
 They have parallel veins in leaves.
 They have fibrous roots.
 They have long and narrow leaves.
 Their floral parts often in multiple of 3.

14.  They have two cotyledons in seeds.
 They have branched vein in leaves.
 They have tap roots.
 They have broad leaves.
 Their floral parts often in multiple of 4 and 5 .

15. Contain
Microspores:
 which develop in the microsporangium and
 which will germinate and develop into the male
gametophyte generation.
Meiosis of the diploid microspore mother cells in the
anther produces four haploid microspores. Each of
these develops into a pollen grain consisting of
 a larger vegetative cell (also called the tube cell)
 a smaller germ cell (also called the generative cell).
At some point, depending on the species, the germ
cell divides by mitosis to produce 2 sperm cells.

16. Contain
Megaspores
 which develop in the megasporangium and
 which will develop into the female gametophyte generation.
The nucleus of the megaspore undergoes 3 successive
mitotic divisions. The 8 nuclei that result are distributed and
partitioned off by cell walls to form the embryo sac. This is
the mature female gametophyte generation.
The egg cell will start the new sporophyte generation if it is
fertilized. It is flanked by
 2 synergid cells. In several (perhaps all) angiosperms, they
secrete an attractant that guides the pollen tube through
the micropyle into the embryo sac.
 The large central cell, which in most angiosperms contains
2 polar nuclei, will after its fertilization develop into
the endosperm of the seed.
 3 antipodal cells.

18.  Pollination is the transfer of pollen from a male part of a
plant to a female part of a plant, later
enabling fertilisation and the production of seeds, most often
by an animal or by wind.
 Pollinating agents are animals such as insects, birds, and
bats; water; wind; and even plants themselves, when self-
pollination occurs within a closed flower.

19.  In angiosperms, after the pollen grain (gametophyte) has
landed on the stigma, where it germinates and develops
a pollen tube which grows down the style until it reaches
an ovary.
 Its two gametes travel down the tube to where the
gametophyte(s) containing the female gametes are held
within the carpel.
 After entering an ovum cell through the micropyle, one male
nucleus fuses with the polar bodies to produce the
endosperm tissues, while the other fuses with the ovule to
produce the embryo[2][3].
 Hence the term: "double fertilization".
 This process would result in the production of a seed made
of both nutritious tissues and embryo.

21.  In most terrestrial ecosystems , angiosperms account for
most of the photosynthetic conversion of radiant energy
from the sun into chemical energy which is passed on from
one organism to the next along a food chain. So they keep
food chains alive.
 In a temperate forest one angiosperm tree supports many
thousands of animals including insects birds and mammals.
 Angiosperms are said to produce 80% of the world’s food.
 Angiosperms have a number of uses as food especially as
grains, sugars, vegetables, fruits, oils and spices.

22.  Angiosperms are major source of grain, including corn,
wheat, rice , barley, and oats all members of the grass
family.
 Corn obtained from angiosperms have many economical
uses. It produces food for humans and domesticated
animals and its derivatives are used in making cosmetics ,
adhesives, varnishes , paints soaps, etc.
 Many alcoholic beverages (eg; wine,beer) as well as non
alcoholic beverages are derived from angiosperms. eg.
Coffee from coffea arabica

23.  With the exception of antibiotics almost all medicines are
either derived directly form angiopserms or if synthesized
artificially, were originally discovered in angiosperms. For
eg; narcotics such as opium from opium poppy plant.
 Some compounds obtained from angiosperms have been
proven to be helpful in treating some forms of cancer such
as acute leukemia.
 Also helpful in treating heart problems.
 Muscle relaxants derived from angiosperms can be used
during open heart surgery.

24.  Angiosperms also provide consumer goods such as
lumber, perfumes, dyes, fibres, timber , fuel and
ornamentals.
 Hardwood produced from woody stems of angiosperms is
used in the manufacture of building material.

25.  Rosaceae, the rose family, is a medium sized family
of flowering plants, including approximately 100
genera.
 The family rosa includes herbs, shrubs, and trees.
Most species are deciduous but some are
evergreen.
 They have a worldwide range, but are most diverse
in the Northern Hemisphere, in regions that are not
desert or tropical rainforest.

26.  HABIT: perennial; herbs, shrubs, trees
 ROOTS: fibrous tap roots and fibrous
adventitious roots
 STEM: herbaceous or woody; stem is
covered with prickles
 LEAVES: petiolate; alternate; simple or
compound (pinnate type); stipulate;
evergreen

27.  INFLORESCENCE: racemose or mostly cymose, some are
solitary
 FLOWER: bractate, actinomorphic; regular, complete;
perigynous sometimes epigynous
 CALYX: 5 or 4 sepals; free
 COROLLA: 5 or multiple of 5, free
 ANDROCIUM: (Stamens) numerous stamens; versatile

28.  GYNOCIUM: (Carpel) 1 to
numerous
 FRUIT: drupe
 SEED: non-endospermic
 POLLINATION: insects are
attracted by nectar, color,
aroma(entomophilous)

29.  FRUITS: e.g apples, pears, almonds, peach, apricot, berries
etc
 ORNAMENTAL PLANTS: widely used for decorative
purposes e.g rosess, firethorns etc
 WOOD: e.g branches of Crateagus are widely used as
walking sticks and wood. The wood of Pints Pactia is used
for making tobacco pipes etc
 MEDICINAL USES: The roots of Rubus fruticosus are used
in dysentery and whooping cough. Crateagus ox. is a very
good homeopathic medicine for heart disease etc
 PERFUMES: Attar of roses

30.  Fabaceae or leguminosae commonly
known as legume, pea or bean family.
 This family is widely distributed and is the
third largest land plant family in number of
species

31.  HABIT: annual or perennial, herbs, shrubs, vines, or trees
 ROOTS: fibrous tap roots. Often develop nodules in herbs.
NITROGEN FIXING BACTERIA live in these nodules
 STEM: herbaceous or woody
 LEAVES: petiolate; alternate: compound type; stipulate

32.  INFLORESCENCE: racemose or cymose, the flowers are
clustered in heads
 FLOWER: bracteate, actinomorphic; regular, complete,
pentamerous
 CALYX: 5 or 4 sepals, free or fused, green
 COROLLA:5 or 4 petals, free or united, colored
 STAMEN: 10 or numerous
 CARPEL: monocapilary

33.  FRUIT: legume or pod
 SEED: non-endospermic
 POLLINATION: entamophilous

34.  FOOD: e.g pulses, grams, soyabean etc
 OILS: e.g groundnut, soyabean etc
 ORNAMENTAL PURPOSES
 Plants give TIMBER AND FIBRES
 DYES: e.g indigo plant gives indigo dye
 MEDICINAL PURPOSES: e.g butterfly pea

35.  The name solanaceae derives from the genus solanum
“the nightshade plant”.
 Perhaps the most economically important genus of the
family is solanum, which contains the potato ,the tomato
and the aubergine or eggplant .
 Another important genus capsicum produce both chili
peppers and bell peppers.

36.  Habit:
Annual , biennial or perennial herbs , or small
tree.
 Roots:
Fibrous or tuberous tap root.
 Stem:
Herbaceous or sometimes underground stem
(tuber).
Leaves:
Petiole; alternate or opposite; simple; exstipulate.
 Inflorescence:
Terminal or lateral cyme or solitary.
 Flower:
Pedicillate ; ebracteate ; actinomorphic or
zygomorphic ; regular ; complete ; hermaphrodite
; hypogynous.
 Calyx:
5 sepals , fused (gamosepalous) ; green ; often
much enlarged in the fruit.
 Corolla:
5 petals ; gamopetalous ; bell shaped or funnel
shaped.

37.  Stamen:
5 stamens , epipetalous , anther free or united , basifixed.
 Carpel:
Bicarpellary ; syncarpous ; ovary superior ; obliquely placed ;
bilocular ; sometimes becomes multilocular or by the formation of
false septum , placentation axile.
 Fruits:
Capsule or berry.
 Seed:
Endospermic seed.

38.  The family is of great importance;
 Food:
Many members like solanum tuberosum (potato) ,
solanum melongena (brinjal) etc are used as vegetables.
 Medicinal:
Atropa belladona contains alkaloid atropine which is used
in belladona plaster. Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) yields
nicotine.
 Narcotics:
Tobacco is obtained from the leaves of nicotiana tobacum
and variously used in cigars , bidi , chewing etc.
 Ornamentals:
They are cultivated in gardens for ornamentals.

39.  Poaceae or gramineae are the “true” grasses .
They are a large family of monocot flowering
plants . There are about 10,000 species and
660 genera, and they are one of the most
ecologically and economically important of all
plant families. Rushes and sedges fall outside
this family , but they are related.

40.  Habit:
Annual or perennial herbs ; rarely tree (bamboo).
 Roots:
Fibrous, adventitious.
 Stem:
Herbaceous ; cylindrical ; jointed , hollow at intemodes,
sometimes forms rhizome or runner.
 Leaves:
Sessile with long sheathing base; alternate ; simple ; ligulate ;
parallel venation.
 Inflorescence:
Spike of spikelets or panicles of spiklets . Each spiklet is
composed of 2-5 flowers . It is enclosed by a pair of
bracts called glumes.

41.  Spike of spikeletes:
The spikeletes form dense clusters in sessile manner or
main axis as in wheat.
 Panicles of spikelets:
The spikelets are arranged on a branched axis panicle as
in oat.
 Flower:
Pedicillate , bracteate , two bracts , palea and lemma
enclose flower or floret ; lemma contain bristle like awns
zygomorphic ; incomplete ; unisexual or hermaphrodite ;
hypogynous.
 Perianth:
Represented by two or three scales like lodicules.

42.  Androcium:
3 Stamens , sometimes 1,2 or 6 ; polyandrous ; anther
versatile.
 Gymnocium:
Monocarpillary ;unilocular; ovary superior ; stigma usually 2
; feathery ; basal placentation.
 Fruits:
Caryopsis
 Seed:
Endospermic.

43.  They are the most economically important plant family ,
providing staple foods from domesticated cereal crops
such as maize , wheat , rice ,barley ,and millet as well as
feed for meat producing animals.
 They are used as building material , bamboo , thatch ,
and straw.
 Maize , jaw , oats , jawar , bajra are cultivated for cereals
and food grains.
 They are also used in medicines.