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Information theory
1.
INFORMATION THEORY © 2020 APARNA
LAL
2.
Information is only
useful when it can be stored and/or communicated. We have all learned this lesson the hard way when we have forgotten to save a document we were working on. In a digital form, information is stored in ‘bits’, or a series of numbers that can either be 0 or 1. The letters in your keyboard are stores in a ‘byte’, which is 8 bits, which allows for 2⁸ =256 combinations. It is important to know that information storage and communication are almost the same thing, as you can think of storage as communication with a hard disk. When is information useful? © 2020 APARNA LAL
3.
1. RATE OF
INFORMATION The information rate is represented by R and it is given as, Information Rate : R = rH Here R is the information rate. H is the Entropy or average information. And r is the rate at which messages are generated. Information rate R is represented in average number of bits of information per second. © 2020 APARNA LAL
4.
2.Bit Rate It is
defined as no of bits transmitted or sent in one second. It is expressed in bits per second. Bit rate = 1/ Bit interval 4. Baud Rate The baud rate is the rate at which information is transferred in a communication channel. Baud rate is number of signal transferred units per second. It is expressed in baud per second. 3. Data Rate : Data Rate is defined as the amount of data transmitted during a specified time period over a network. It is the speed at which data is transferred from one device to another or between a peripheral device and the computer. It is generally measured in Mega bits per second(Mbps) or Mega bytes per second(MBps). For example, if bandwidth is 100 Mbps but data rate is 50 Mbps, it means maximum 100 Mb data can be transferred but channel is transmitting only 50 Mb data per second. © 2020 APARNA LAL
5.
Signal to Noise
Ratio In analog and digital communications, signal-to-noise ratio, often written S/N or SNR, is a measure of signal strength relative to background noise. The ratio is usually measured in decibels (dB) using a signal-to-noise ratio formula. It is defined as the ratio of signal power to noise power at the same point. 𝑆 𝑁 = 𝑋𝑠 𝑋𝑛 = Vs2 /R 𝑉𝑛2 /𝑅 = 𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑛 Xs= Signal Power Xn=Noise Power Vs =signal voltage, Vn= Noise Voltage Noise figure To express the noise quality of the receiver noise figure is used It is the ratio of S/N power at the input to S/N power at the output 𝐹 = 𝑆/𝑁𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑆/𝑁𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 © 2020 APARNA LAL
6.
Channel Capacity It is
basically measure of how much information can be propagated through a communication channel. It is function of:- • Bandwidth of the communication channel • Time of transmission Hartley’s Law It is stated as “ the total amount of information that can be transmitted is proportional to frequency range transmitted and the time of the transmission.” C α B× t Where, C= Information capacity (bits per second) B= Bandwidth (hertz) T=transmission time (seconds) © 2020 APARNA LAL
7.
If bandwidth of
channel is greater then more information can be transmitted in a given time. Also same signal can be transmitted using narrow channel but the time taken will be more. Transmission of music (bandwidth =15-20 kHz) requires larger time as compared to voice (bandwidth=3kHz). Channel Capacity formula can be modified as C=2 B log2N Where , B= channel bandwidth N=no of bits per symbol Then for binary data transmission C=2B © 2020 APARNA LAL
8.
Sampling In digital transmission,
continuous wave is not transmitted. Only discrete value are transmitted. If information is analog it is converted to discrete form by using a method called sampling. Sample is a piece of data taken from the whole data which is continuous in the time domain. © 2020 APARNA LAL
9.
In other word,
the process of taking only a few values of an analog signal at regular interval of time is referred to as sampling. Consider the waveform. If we divide the waveform at discrete intervals of time say 100µsec, the sample waveform looks like figure below. The sampled signal is discrete in time and continuous in amplitude. Thus sampling converts the continuous value continuous time signal to a continuous value discrete time signal. © 2020 APARNA LAL
10.
Sampling Rate To discretize
the signals, the gap between the samples should be fixed. That gap can be termed as a sampling period Ts. Sampling Frequency=1/Ts=Fs Ts is the sampling time fs is the sampling frequency or the sampling rate. © 2020 APARNA LAL
11.
Sampling Theorem/Nyquist Theorem You
can perfectly reconstruct the original signal from the samples provided you follow a simple rule called as sampling theorem which states that : “For a sample to be reproduce accurately at a receiver each cycle of the analog input signal must be sampled at least twice”. For effective reproduction of the original signal, the sampling rate should be twice the highest frequency. Which means Fs= 2 Fm Ts = 1/ Fs= 1/2Fm If sampling rate is less than 2 Fm distortion occurs while reconstructing the information. © 2020 APARNA LAL
12.
Shannon Theorem • A
given communication system has a maximum rate of information C known as the channel capacity. • If the information rate R is less than C, then one can approach arbitrarily small error probabilities by using intelligent coding techniques. • To get lower error probabilities, the encoder has to work on longer blocks of signal data. This entails longer delays and higher computational requirements. • Thus, if R ≤ C then transmission may be accomplished without error in the presence of noise. Unfortunately, Shannon’s theorem is not a constructive proof — it merely states that such a coding method exists. The proof can therefore not be used to develop a coding method that reaches the channel capacity. © 2020 APARNA LAL
13.
Shannon-Hartleys Theorem • Noise
puts limitations on increase in symbol levels. Greater the amount of noise, lower are the symbol levels and hence lower is the channel capacity. • Thus presence of noise reduces the amount of information that can be transmitted in a given bandwidth. • Increasing bandwidth increases information rate but wider bandwidth means more noise signals. • Therefore in communication system bandwidth is a compromise between information transmission rate and amount of noise. • Shannon theorem relates the channel capacity to bandwidth and S/N ratio • Mathematically stated C = B log2 (1+ 𝑆 𝑁 )= 3.32Blog10 (1+ 𝑆 𝑁 ) • Where C= Channel Capacity, bits/s(bps) • B= bandwidth, Hz • 𝑆 𝑁 = signal to noise power ratio. • the above equation is Shannon’s Information Capacity theorem. © 2020 APARNA LAL
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