Board and pillar working with lhd and sdl. Mining engineering final year project

A
MAJOR PROJECT REPORT
ON
BOARD AND PILLAR WORKING WITH LHD
AND SDL
Submitted for the partial fulfilment of award of
B.TECH.
IN
MINING ENGNEERING
(SESSION 2020-2024)
Submitted to:
UIT RGPV
SHAHDOL (M.P)
SUBMITTED BY :
ANURAG GUPTA
0308MI201017
Under the Guidance of Submitted to
MR. AMITAP MISHRA. MR. AMITAP MISHRA
Department of Mining Engineering UIT SHAHDOL
UIT SHAHDOL
DEPARTMENT OF MINING ENGNEERING
UIT RGPV SHAHDOL (M.P)

Department of Mining Engineering
Facility of engineering and technology
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the work embodies in this dissertation entitled
“Board and Pillar working with LHD and SDL " being submitted by
ANURAG GUPTA for partial fulfilment often requirement for the
award of "Bachelor of Technology Mining Engineering" discipline to
"Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal(M.P.) during the
academic year 2020-2024 is a record of Bonafied piece of work,
carried out by him under my supervision and guidance in the
"Department of Mining engineering", University Institute of
Technology, Shahdol(M.P.).
MR. Bipin Singh
HOD of Mining Engineering Signature of
Examiner
(Facility of Engineering and Technology)

Department of Mining Engineering
Facility of engineering and technology
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
This is to certify that the work presented in the project report
entitled as Board and Pillar working with LHD and SDL in
partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of B.Tech.
in MINING ENGINEERING from UIT RGPV SHAHDOL
(M.P) is an authentic work carried by ANURAG GUPTA
under my supervision.
To the best of my knowledge the content of this report
does not form a basis for the award of any previous degree to
anyone else.
Mr. Amitap Mishra
(Project Guide)
Department Of Mining Engineering

DECLARARION
We hereby declare that the work which is being presented I the project
Report entitled “BOARD AND PILLAR WORKING WITH LHD AND
SDL “in Partial fulfilment of the requirement of the B.Tech in MINING
ENGNEERING branch is authentic record of our work carried out under
the able guidance of Mr. Amitap Mishra Project Guide Mining
Engineering of UIT RGPV SHAHDOL (M.P)
SUBMITTED BY:
ANURAG GUPTA
0308MI201017

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank Mr. Amitap Mishra sir, our professor-in-
charge and our Principal, Mr. P.L Verma sir for their support
and guidance in completing our project on the topic “Board and
Pillar Working with SDL and LHD”. It was a great learning
experience.
I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to all
of my group members Bankebihari Prajapati, Rohit Jaiswal,
Ankur Singh, Sachin Gupta and Aniket Tiwari. The project
would not have been successful without their cooperation and
inputs.

BOARD AND PILLAR WORKING WITH LHD AND SDL
DEPARTMENT OF MINING ENGNEERING, UIT RGPV SHAHDOL
1
ABSTRACT
The bord and pillar method is an established underground mining technique
that involves excavating horizontal tunnels called boards and leaving behind
vertical pillars of rock to support the overlying ground. This method has been
widely used for centuries to extract coal, salt, and other minerals. The advent of
load-haul-dump (LHD) and side-discharge loaders (SDLs) has revolutionized
the bord and pillar method, significantly increasing its efficiency and
productivity.
LHDs and SDLs are self-loading, articulated vehicles designed to navigate the
narrow confines of underground mines. These machines eliminate the need for
separate loading and hauling equipment, streamlining the mining process and
reducing labour costs. LHDs are particularly well-suited for loading and
hauling ore from bords, while SDLs are more efficient for transporting ore over
longer distances.The integration of LHD and SDLs into bord and pillar mining
has led to several advantages, such as Increased Productivity, Reduced Labour
Requirements,Enhanced Safety, Ventilation Challenges.

2
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................4
BOARD AND PILLAR METHOD........................................................................................................5
APPLICABILITY CONDITION OF BOARD AND PILLAR METHOD ..........................................6
DEVELOPMENT IN BOARD AND PILLAR MINING .....................................................................7
DEPILLARING IN BOARD AND PILAR MNING ............................................................................8
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BOARD AND PILLAR MINING ...........................9
INTRODUCTION TO LHD (Load Haul Dumper) …………….………….………….……….… 10-11
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS…………………………………………….…………….…….……… ..12
MECHANISM OF LHD ……………………………………………………………...………….…13-14
FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION AND DEPLOYMENT OF LHD…………………….…....15
APPLICABILITY CONDITIONS OF LHD…………………………………...……………...……….16
LOADING AND TRANSPORTATION……………………………………………………….……….17
PAYLOAD CAPACITY AND PRODUCTIVITY…………………………………………………….18
SAFETY PROVISIONS………………………………….…………………………………………..…19
ADVANTAGES OF LHD……………………………………………………………………..….…….20
INTRODUCTION TO SDL (SIDE DISCHARGE LOADER) ………………………………...…21-23
SIDE DISCHARGE LOADER SPECIFICATIONS…………………………………….…….…….24
PANEL DEVELOPMENT WITH SDL……………………………………………………………….25
BUCKET FILL FACTOR OF SDL……………………………….……………………….………….26
ANALYSIS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SDL………………………………………….…27-29
SAFETY FEATURES………………………………………………………………………...…….30-31
ADVANTAGES OF SIDE DISCHARGE LOADER ………………………………………….…….32
CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………………………33
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………………34

3
BOARD AND PILLAR WORKING WITH
LHD AND SDL
LOAD HAUL DUMPER (LHD) SIDE DISCHARGE LOADER (SDL)

4
Introduction
Board and pillar mining is a conventional underground mining method that
involves developing a series of galleries and leaving pillars of coal between
them to support the roof. LHDs and SDLs are two types of machines that are
commonly used in board and pillar mining to load and haul coal.
LHDs are self-loading vehicles that can scoop up coal and haul it away from
the face. SDLs are similar to LHDs, but they have a conveyor belt that allows
them to discharge the coal to the side, rather than having to turn around and
dump it.
The use of LHDs and SDLs has made board and pillar mining more efficient
and productive by allowing for faster loading and hauling of coal, and by
making it possible to operate in more confined spaces. LHDs and SDLs are
also safer to use than manual labour, as they are less likely to cause accidents.

5
BOARD AND PILLAR MINING
The development of mine by the method of working known as Board and Pillar
consists of driving a series of narrow roads, separated by blocks of solid coal,
parallel to one another, and connecting them by another set of narrow parallel
roadways driven nearly at right angles to the first set. The stage of formation of
a network of roadways is known as development or first working. And these
roadways are called BOARD or GALLERY.
When the gallery is developed a solid block of coal is left surrounded the
gallery are known as PILLAR. The coal pillars formed are extracted after the
development of the mine leasehold and this later stage of extracting coal from
pillars is known as depillaring. This method is sometimes called roomand-
pillar mining. This can be better understood with the help of following fig:

6
APPLICABILITY CONDITIONS OF BORD AND PILLAR METHOD
1) The seam thickness should be greater than 1.5 meters.
2) The seam should be relatively free of stone or dirt bands.
3) The seam should not be too gassy.
4) The coal should have adequate crushing strength to support the
overburden.
5) The roof and floor should be strong enough to support the overburden
after the pillars are extracted
6) The seam should be at a moderate depth, typically less than 600 meters.

7
Development in board and pillar mining
Development in bord and pillar mining is the process of creating a network of
roadways and pillars in the coal seam. This is done by driving entries into the
seam and then crosscutting them at regular intervals to form a grid pattern. The
pillars are left in place to support the roof and overlying strata.
The development process typically begins with the main entry, which is a wide
roadway that provides access to the rest of the mine. Branch entries are then
driven off the main entry at regular intervals. These branch entries are narrower
than the main entry and are used to transport coal from the working faces to the
main haulage system.
Once the branch entries have been driven, crosscuts are driven between them at
regular intervals. The crosscuts provide ventilation and access to the coal
pillars. The size and spacing of the pillars is determined by the depth of the
seam, the strength of the roof and overlying strata, and the quality of the coal.

8
Depillaring in bord and pillar mining
Depillaring in bord and pillar mining is the process of extracting the
coal from the pillars. This is done once the development of the mine is
complete and all of the accessible coal has been extracted.
There are two main methods of depillaring: retreat mining and panel
mining:
1. Retreat mining: In retreat mining, the pillars are extracted in a
systematic manner, starting from the innermost part of the mine
and working back towards the surface. This is done to minimize
the risk of subsidence.
2. Panel mining: In panel mining, the mine is divided into a series
of panels. Each panel is developed and depillared independently.
This method is more efficient than retreat mining, but it can be
more risky if there are weak areas in the roof or overlying strata.

9
Advantages of board and pillar mining method
1. Agriculture is not affected by underground mining.
2. Not much area is needed for the deposition of overburden.
3. It does not cause soil erosion.
4. Operating cost is low.
5. The working team is usually small at working faces. This helps in working
performance smoother & co-ordinated.
Disadvantages of board and pillar mining method
1. Ventilation is sluggish, as compared to the longwall method.
2. The extraction losses are generally higher than other methods.
3. Work is carried on at a number of working places creating problems of
supervision.
4. Production is slow as compared to longwall and opencast methods.
5. Artificial lights are required in the daytime.

10
Load Haul Dump (LHD)
A Load Haul Dump (LHD) is a versatile machine used in underground mining
to load, transport, and dump extracted ore. LHDs are similar to front-end
loaders, but they are designed specifically for the unique challenges of
underground mining. They are typically smaller and more manoeuvrable than
front-end loaders, which makes them ideal for working in narrow tunnels and
tight spaces. LHDs are also equipped with special features, such as dust
suppression systems and rollover protection, to ensure safety in the
underground environment.
LHDs play an essential role in the underground mining process. They are used
to load ore into dump trucks, which transport the ore to the surface for further
processing. LHDs are also used to move ore from one location to another
within the mine, such as from a stope to an ore pass.
LHD’s are used in more than 75 percent of underground mines throughout the
world and are suitable for small and large tunnels, chambers and stopes. A load
haul dump truck (LHD), also known as a scoop tram. LHDs use a bucket to
scoop up ore and load it into a cart, which is then dumped at the bottom of the
mine for primary crushing before being hoisted to the surface. Load haul dump
(LHD) machines play a crucial role in underground haulage operations. Their
versatility extends beyond simply loading dump trucks, as they can also
efficiently transport materials to ore passes.

11

12
Construction Details
LHDs have powerful prime movers, advanced drive train technology, heavy
planetary axles, four-wheel drive, articulated steering, and ergonomic controls.
Their narrower, longer, and lower profile make them most suitable for
underground application where height and width are limited. As the length is
not a limitation in a tunnel and decline, LHD loaders are designed with
sufficient length. The length improves axial weight distribution and bucket
capacity can be enhanced. The two-part construction with central articulation
helps in tracking and manoeuvrability. In mining, there is a limitation for
shifting heavy equipment, and sometimes, an LHD has to be shifted through a
shaft while dismantled.

13
MECHANISM OF LHD
1. It is driven by a synchronous motor fed with power from a gate end box
suitably placed with a flexible cable of about 100 metres in length.
2. If it may also be remotely controlled.
3. The speed of the vehicle is controlled mechanically
LHDs are available in both diesel and electric versions. The diesel version is
easily transportable from one location to another and has diesel engines as
power drive of 75 to 150 HP or more. Engines are either water- or air-cooled.
LHD with electric motors as drives have a general capacity of 75 to 150 HP.
These are operative at a medium voltage of 380 to 550 volts. Flexible trailing
cables are provided with a reeling/unreeling facility to feed power.

14
These drives operate hydraulic pumps and hydraulic motors for further
operation of the various movements of buckets and vehicle traction and
steering. The speed of the vehicle is controlled mechanically. The transmission
is controlled by a hydrostatic drive; in hydrostatic transmission, the motor
drives a variable displacement pump hydraulically connected to a hydro-motor
driving the axle via a gearbox. The speed is controlled by changing the
displacement volume of the axial pump. The power train consists of a closed-
loop hydraulic transmission, parking brakes, two-stage gearbox, and drive
lines.

15
Factors governing selection & deployment of LHD
The material characteristics, the job conditions, roof supports,
ventilation, inclination and height of seam, nature of floor, type of
transportation, amount of blasted coal available and the required
production will determine the selection and deployment of LHD. The
information presented at the end of the selection procedure should
permit an initial choice of equipment. The compilation includes many
job conditions from underground operations. The initial choice must
then be followed by an estimate of its operating and ownership costs.

16
Applicability conditions of LHD
1. LHD is a wheel mounted machine ,so the condition of the floor
should be good.
2. The limiting gradient for LHD is 1 in 7.
3. The height of working for LHD ≥ 2.5m
4. The maximum gradient for SDL should be 1 in 5
5. The general height of working for SDL is 2.3m and in case of
low profile SDL it is 1.5m.
6. In watery floor condition the tire mounted LHD skids, crawler
mounted SDL is preferred.
7. The travelling distance should be less for both the machines
(normally 40-50m).

17
LOADING AND TRANSPORTATION
Load-haul-dump (LHD) machines are versatile mining machines that can load,
transport, and dump materials. They are equipped with large buckets that can
be raised, lowered, and rotated to allow for easy loading from any angle. Once
the bucket is full, the LHD operator can raise it and dump the material into a
waiting dump truck or onto a conveyor belt.
LHDs are also equipped with powerful engines and tires, which make them
ideal for transporting materials over long distances, even in rough terrain. They
can typically travel at speeds of up to 30 km/h.

18
Payload Capacity
LHDs are available in a wide range of sizes, offering different payload
capacities, generally ranging from 6,000 to 22,000 lbs. (2,700 to 10,000 kg) and
even up to a whopping 55,000 lbs. (25,000 kg).
Different manufacturers offer different bucket options to suit the range and
requirements of the underground mining operations.
The bucket sizes range from 1 to 13 cubic yards (0.8 to 10 cubic meters), and
the bucket height varies between 6 and 8.2 feet (1.8 and 2.5 meters).
The machines vary significantly in size, offering solutions for all types of
underground mining conditions.
Productivity
LHDs offer enhanced work cycle times as compared to their conventional
counterparts.
The smoother operation combined with a better traction system boosts
productivity while reducing operation and maintenance costs.
The smaller engine in the relatively compact form factor of an LHD offers
reduced emissions and heat load with faster acceleration and decreased
fuel consumption.
These features and more make the LHDs productivity-oriented machines
that offer excellent performance in all working conditions.

19
SAFETY PROVISIONS
1. Emergency and parking brakes with fire resistant hydraulic fluid
is used .
2. Head lights, audible warning signal, back up alarm and portable
fire extinguisher are provided.
3. Special cabin/canopy is also provided for safety of operator. A
safety device is provided to shut off the engine if exhaust gases
exceed temperature of 85 °C (or as per set value).
4. For electric shock safety these LHD's power source(gate end
box) are equipped with earth conductivity protection using pilot
core in electric trailing cable, which isolate complete power when
earth continuity is broken.

20
ADVANTAGES OF LHD
1. Availability of spares parts to reduce breakdown hours.
2. To withstand difficult conditions.
3. For easy maintenance.
4. Easy to move from place to place.
5. Proper guides and covers and Electrical protective devices.
6. It have more bucket capacity tha SDL.
7. Cost-efficient by minimizing the need for multiple machines.
8. Adaptable to various mining conditions and methods

21
SIDE DISCHARGE LOADER (SDL)
The SDL is a high-output electro-hydraulically operated machine designed for
underground mining, incorporating the latest advancements in hydraulics and
fabrication. Specifically developed for maximum benefit to the mining
industry, these loaders consider factors such as underground conditions and the
need for flame-proof electrical components in gassy mines.
This electro-hydraulic crawler-mounted side discharge loader, featuring a low
profile, has revolutionized loading systems, leading to significant
breakthroughs in production and productivity. Widely adopted for intermediate
face mechanization in underground coal mines, it is equipped with a cable
realer and a side discharge bucket with a capacity of approximately 1.1 square
meters, suitable for a 1 in 4 gradient. The machine's design adheres to DGMS
approval standards for safe operation in underground gassy mines.
Key features include a compact, low-profile, narrow base, and crawler-
mounted design for high manoeuvrability and stability with ample ground
clearance. The engineering ensures a low centre of gravity, robust construction,
and facilitates easy maintenance and inspection. The machine's ground
pressure is kept below 1.0 kg/cm², and it requires only one operator for
efficient functioning.
Built with a modular construction approach, the machine facilitates easy
maintenance and replacement of loader components/sub-assemblies in the
challenging underground environment. Its primary purpose is the drivage of
gallery headings in various materials, including coal, shale, clay, and stone,
with high compressive strength in gassy underground coal mines. The

22
machine's agility allows it to navigate sharp right-angle turns in galleries
without repeated manoeuvres, and it can operate in slushy conditions with
gradients of 1 in 4 and cross gradients of 1 in 6, even in water up to 200 mm
deep. The coal face width is expected to be between 4 to 4.5 meters deep. The
coal face width is expected to be between 4 to 4.5 meters.
The machine will use electro-hydraulic power for precise control, conforming
to Indian Flameproof regulations and approved by DGMS DHANBAD for safe
use in Indian gassy mines. Its electrical components will be suitable for 550V,
3-phase, 50Hz voltage.
Designed to operate with DGMS-approved Fire-Resistant Hydraulic Fluid
(FRHF) HFB-68, all hydraulic components will be compatible. Featuring a
loading boom and bucket, the machine efficiently collects, carries, and unloads
coal onto a tub, chain, or belt conveyor. The boom's height allows unloading

23
coal into tubs up to 1.5 meters high. The sturdy and bi-directional side
discharge chain bucket facilitates unloading from either side, with a double
outboard chain and a hydraulically powered motor.

24
Side Discharge Loader Specification
Bucket capacity - 1.1 m3
(SAE heaped)
Breakout force - 2,700 Kg
Operating weight - 10,000 Kg (approx.)
Electric motor - 500 / 550V, 65HP
Ground pressure - 0.8 Kg / cm2
Hydraulic pump - Gear type
Hydraulic traction motor - Axial piston type
Conveyor motor - Low-Speed High Torque motor
Traveling speed - 3.5 km/h (max.)
Lights - 12 or 24 Volts, 2 Front and 1 Rear
Brakes - Hydraulically brakes on both Traction
gearbox (Shrink disk negative) in addition to hydrostatic on both traction
motors.

25

26

27
ANALYSIS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SDL
The following factors affect the performance of SDL which impacts on the
production of mine. Factors effecting on different cyclic times as follows:
1. LOADING TIME:
 One of the major reasons on loading is improper muck formation.
 The muck forms like boulders due to improper blasting due to this the
SDL takes more time while loading.
 The gradient of the seam is so high due to this reason while loading the
lower side of the muck it takes more time.
 It takes long time to load the bucket since. Left over at the bottom is of
irregular shapes and should be gathered so that bucket can be filled.
Driver negligence.
2. TRAVELLING TIME WITH LOAD TO DISCHARGE POINT:
 There are a lot of disturbances in roadway so it takes more time while
travelling with load.
 The distance from loading point to discharging point increases while
discharging the muck in series of tubs.
 Due to high gradient of the seam takes more time while adjusting the
bucket at the discharging point.
Driver negligence.

28
3.DISCHARGING TIME:
 Due to boulders the discharge time increases
 While adjusting the muck into tubs with suitable amount
 While adjusting the bucket more time consumes due to steep roof at
lower side
4 TRAVELLING TIME WITHOUT LOAD FROM DISCHARGING
POINT TO LOADING POINT:
 Improper road ways
 Driver negligence
 Increase in distance while loading the series of tubs

29
5. IMPACT OF SDL PERFORMANCE ON PRODUCTIVITY:
 Duc to improper blasting it results in formation of boulders it causes
problem while loading.
 Due to boulders the formation of spaces so the bucket cannot be filled
properly.
 Due to surface tilting of bucket may occur that the slipping of ore from
the bucket occurs.
 Due to improper maintenance small fragments coal samples drop from
closing side of bucket.
 While adjusting the sufficient muck into the tubs the bucket gives tilting
action due to this coal fragments drops from the tub and bucket too.
 Due to insufficient tubs.
 While lifting and lowering bucket the coal samples may fall down.
 While adjusting the buckets due to the steep roof the samples slips down.

30
SAFETY FEATURES:
1. Canopy: It is situated on the top of the operator which protect the
operator from the dangers of the roof strata and also obstructions hitting
his head while operation of SDL.
2. Audio visual alarm: This alarm is used when the machine is going to
start. It gives audio and visual alarm while moving forward as well as
backward. This audio-visual alarm gives blinking light in red color when
the SDL is in operation.
3. Foot switch/Dead man switch: It is the switch provided at the foot of the
operator. Machine runs only when the operator presses the foot switch
with his foot. In case of anything happen to the operator and he gets out
of his control, then he gets unable to press it longer then machine stops
automatically.
4. Head light: This safety feature helps operator to see the surroundings of
the SDL due to illumination of head light, which present front and rear
side of the SDL.
5. Parking brake: The machine does not move by applying the parking
brake but other operation will run.
6. Cable releasing drum switch: If the cable finishes winding till end it
gives indication. This safety feature may be lead to the disconnection of
power supply cable which is connected to the GEB. So, when the trailing
cable has minimum 6 rounds on reeling drum then SDL stops.
7. Temperature switch: This gets activated when the temperature of the oil
reaches 65degrees machine will trip.

31
8. Oil level switch: When the oil level in the oil tank gets reduced to
minimum level then SDL which is in the operation will get stops
automatically.
9. Emergency switch: It is located at the backside of the radiator. If any
person stands at back of the machine, he applies switch to turn off the

32
ADVANTAGES OF SIDE DISCHARGE LOADER:
1. SDLs can achieve higher loading rates and shorter cycle times compared
to LHDs, boosting overall productivity.
2. Side discharge loaders facilitate efficient and targeted material discharge,
allowing for precise placement of materials during mining or construction
activities.
3. SDLs generally have lower maintenance and repair costs than LHDs,
leading to lower operating expenses.
4. SDLs discharge material to the side, minimizing dust dispersion and
improving air quality in underground mines.
5. High strength and impact-resistant structure.

33
CONCLUSION
The exploration of board and pillar mining methods and the in-depth analysis
of Load Haul Dumpers (LHD) and Side Discharge Loaders (SDL)yield
comprehensive insights into the intricate realm of underground mining. The
applicability conditions and developmental trajectory of board and pillar
mining underscore its adaptive nature across diverse mining environments.
Delving into the construction, mechanisms, and safety aspects of LHDs
provides a holistic view, emphasizing their pivotal role in loading,
transportation, and overall productivity.
The nuanced factors governing the selection and deployment of LHDs
underscore the strategic decision-making inherent in mining operations.
Furthermore, the comprehensive introduction and analysis of Side Discharge
Loaders (SDL) contribute a valuable dimension to the project, highlighting
their specifications, bucket fill factor, and safety features as key components
enhancing efficiency.
While celebrating the merits of these mining methodologies and equipment, it
is essential to acknowledge and address their inherent disadvantages and safety
considerations. This project serves as a nuanced guide, offering mining
professionals a balanced perspective that integrates efficiency and safety
seamlessly into underground mining practices. The collective findings aim to
inform and guide industry practices towards sustainable and effective
underground mining.

34
REFERENCES
https://www.slideshare.net
https://www.miningpapa.com/
https://chat.openai.com/
https://bard.google.com/chat
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339228708_LOA
D_HAUL_DUMP_PPT

35
THANK YOU

Board and pillar working with lhd and sdl. Mining engineering final year project

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