Research Design

1. Research Design
Research
Methodology
March 2021
1
S. Hassan Adelyar, Ph.D
Instructor of Computer Science Faculty
Kabul University
March 2023
Research Design

2. Research Design
Research
Methodology
March 2021
2
 A framework of methods & techniques chosen
by a researcher that:
 Combine various components of research in
a reasonable & logical manner.
 The conceptual structure within which
research is conducted.
 Arrangement of conditions for collection,
measurement and analysis of data in a
manner that aims to combine relevance to the
research purpose.
Research Designs

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Research
Methodology
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 The design decisions happen to be in
respect of:
 The objectives of the study
 The type of data
 The place of data
 The sample design
 Find answers to research questions.
 Explain the type of research.

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Research
Methodology
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 Type of research methodology
 Data collection method
 Measurement
 Data Analysis
 The participants and sources
 The variables and hypotheses

5. Research Design
Research
Methodology
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Proper Research Design
To
answer
questions
Validly
Objectively
Accurately
Economically

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Research
Methodology
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 Research design has two main functions:
 Identification of procedures and its
logistical arrangements.
 The importance of quality in these
procedures to ensure their validity,
objectivity & accuracy.

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Research
Methodology
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The core
of research
design
What
 Procedures
 Logical arrangement
How  The quality of the
procedures
Conceptualizing Research Design

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Research
Methodology
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 Research design can be broadly
classified into:
 Qualitative
 Quantitative
 Quantitative & qualitative research
methodologies differ in:
 The methods of data collection
 Procedures for data processing &
analysis
Qualitative & Quantitative Research Design

9. Research Design
Research
Methodology
March 2021
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 Qualitative Study Design
 Understanding + new knowledge +
meaning of phenomena
 Less specific
 Flexible
 Emergent / growing
 Non-linear
 Interpretive & Open-ended

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Research
Methodology
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 Researcher bias (flexibility + lack of
control).
 Unstructured interview for data
collection.
 Identifying themes for analyzing data
 Describing what you have found
 Data is not subjected to statistical
procedures.

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Research
Methodology
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 The main focus is to understand,
explain, explore, and clarify situations.
 Often based on deductive rather than
inductive logic.

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Research
Methodology
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Inductive
Observation
Pattern
Hypotheses
Theory
Deductive
Theory
Hypotheses
Observation
Confirmation

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Research
Methodology
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 Quantitative Research Design
 Quantitative research is implemented
in cases where it is important for a
researcher to have statistical
conclusions to collect actionable
insights.
 View the world with complexity but
based on fixed laws of causes.

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Research
Methodology
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 Specific, fixed and predetermined
 Well structured
 Tested for their validity and reliability.
 Because of control it is easy to check
researcher bias.
 Structured interview for data
collection.
 Counting & statistical procedures.

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Research
Methodology
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 Natural Phenomena & natural science
 Social science (survey, formal
methods)
 Positivist research approach

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Research
Methodology
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 The research design also depends on the
research purpose.
 Research purposes may be grouped into four
categories:
 Exploration
 Description
 Explanation
 Experimentation
Research Design & the Purpose of the Research

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Research
Methodology
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 Explorative Research
 Flexible research design
 To provide opportunity for considering
many different aspects of a problem
 Descriptive Research
 Suitable design will be one that minimizes
bias and maximizes the reliability of the data
collected and analyzed.
 Variable relationship

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Research
Methodology
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 The researcher must decide the way of
selecting a sample.
 A definite plan determined before any data are
actually collected.
 Samples can be:
 Non-probability / Deliberate sampling
 Probability samples
 Systematic sampling
 Stratified sampling
 Cluster sampling
Research Design & Sampling

19. Research Design
Research
Methodology
March 2021
19 Techniques of Developing Measurement Tools
 The technique of developing
measurement tools involves a four-stage
process, consisting of the following:
 Concept development
 Specification of concept dimensions
 Selection of indicators
 Formation of index

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Research
Methodology
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 The first and foremost step is that of
concept development which means that
the researcher should arrive at an
understanding of the major concepts
pertaining to his study.
 The second step requires the researcher
to specify the dimensions of the concepts
that he developed in the first stage.

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Research
Methodology
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 Once the dimensions of a concept have
been specified, the researcher must
develop indicators for measuring each
concept element. Indicators are specific
questions, scales, or other devices by
which respondent’s knowledge, opinion,
expectation, etc., are measured.
 The last step is that of combining the
various indicators into an index.

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Research
Methodology
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 When we have several dimensions of a
concept or different measurements of a
dimension, we may need to combine
them into a single index.

23. End of Chapter 3
Question?