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1. BONE
By- Dr. RABIN KUMAR
(MD PHYSICIAN)
Whats App- +91-8375919308
Facebook- rabin.kumar.338
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2. Parts of the skeletal system
• Bones (skeleton)- 206
• Joints
• Cartilages
• Ligaments
Divided into 2 divisions
• Axial skeleton-80
• Appendicular skeleton-126

3. 7-3
Skeletal System
 The axial skeleton is composed of the bones along the
central axis of the body,
 the skull
 the vertebral column
 the thoracic cage
 The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the
appendages
 upper and lower limbs
 the bones that hold the limbs to the trunk of the body.

4. 6-4
Classification of Bone by Organization
 Axial
 Skull
 Vertebral column
 Thorax
 Sternum
 ribs
 Appendicular
 Pectoral
 Girdle
 UPPER LIMB
 Pelvic
 Girdle
 LOWER LIMB

5. 5

6. 6

7. Types of Bone
Two types of bone tissue
• Compact bone
- Homogeneous
• Spongy bone
- Small needle-like
pieces of bone
- Many open spaces

9. Compact Bone
 the hard outer layer
of bone
• causing the white
appearance of bone.

10. Trabecular Bone
 this is the inner aspect
of the bone
 is open and has a
network like appearance

11. Other classication
• Long
• Short
• Flat
• Irregular

13. (1) Long Bones
• Longer than they are wide
• Has a shaft and 2 ends
• Weight bearing bones (like steel beams)
• Provide the greatest structure and support
• Examples:
– All limb bones
– Except…. Kneecap, Wrist and Ankle bones

14. 6-14
Structure of a Long Bone
 Diaphysis
 Epiphysis
 proximal
 distal
 Metaphysis
 Epiphyseal line
 Articular cartilage
 Medullary cavity

15. Parts of Bone
 Epiphysis
 The ends of long bones
 Wider than diaphysis
 Joint surface of each epiphysis is covered with hyaline
cartilage
 Metaphysis
The area of bone between the epiphysis and
diaphysis
 Diaphysis
– This is the main body of the bone – long region
– Center, main shaft
– Long part of bone

17. • Growth plate – in
between epiphysis
and metaphysis
• Epiphyseal Line:
– Remnant of
Epiphyseal Plate
– Found in adult
bones
Epiphyseal Plate -

19. (2) Short Bones
• Cube Shaped
• Allow for wider range of movement
• Examples:
– Wrist
– Ankle

21. (3) Flat Bones
• Thin, flat and curved
• Protect soft tissue (like plates of armor)
• Examples:
– Sternum
– Shoulder blades
– Ribs
– Skull bones

23. (4) Irregular Bones
• Complicated, unusual shapes
• Muscles, tendons, ligaments usually
attach to these
• Examples:
– Vertebrae
– Hip bones

25. • Membranes:
– Periosteum = Around the outside
• Richly supplied with nerve fibers, lymphatic vessels and
blood vessels
• Provides anchoring points for tendons and ligaments
– Endosteum = Around the inside
• Surrounds the spongy bone

26. Periosteum
First covering .
Covering a long bone in
all area, except the
articular surfaces, is
Periosteum.

27. Medullary Cavity
• In the diaphysis of
the long bone deep to
the compact bone is
the medullary cavity.
in an adult it is full of
yellow bone marrow.
• The medullary cavity
is lined with endosteum.

29. Rounded Elevation
 Tubercle
 Tuberosity
 Malleolus
 Trochanter

30. Expanded ends for Articulation
Head
Condyle
Epicondyle

39. Openings
 Fissure
 Foramen
 Canal
 Meatus

40. Depressions
 Notch
 Groove
 Fossa

45. Naming Skeletal Muscles
1 – Location of the muscle
2 – Shape of the muscle
3 – Size of the muscle
4 – Direction/Orientation of the muscle
fibers/cells
5 – Number of Origins
6 – Location of the Attachments
7 – Action of the muscle

46. Muscles Named by Location
Location:
● frontalis – frontal bone
● lateralis – lateral or on the side
● tibialis anterior – front of tibia
● fibularis longus – near fibula
● supra – above
● infra – below
● sub – underneath
● Pectoral- Chest
● Brachial- Arm
● Gluteus- Buttock

47. Muscles Named by Shape
Shape:
● deltoid – triangle
● Latissimus – wide
● teres - round
● trapezius – trapezoid
● serratus –saw-toothe
● orbicularis – circular

48. Muscles Named by Size
Size:
● maximus – largest
● minimis – smallest
● vastus - huge
● longus – longest
● brevis – short
● major – large
● minor – small
Example: Pectoralis Major

49. Muscles Named by Direction of Fibers
Direction/Orientation:
● rectus (straight) - parallel to the
muscle’s long axis
ex: rectus abdominis
● transversus (transverse) – at
right angles to the muscle’s long
axis
● oblique – diagonal

50. Muscles Named for Number of Origins
Number of Origins:
● biceps – two origins
ex: biceps brachii
● triceps – three origins
ex: triceps brachii
● quadriceps – four origins

51. Muscles Named for
Origin and Insertion Points
Origin and Insertion:
sterno = sternum
cleiodo = clavicle
mastoid = location on
the temporal bone
sternocleiodomastoid muscle

52. •Origin
Muscle attachment that remains
fixed
•Insertion
Muscle attachment that moves
•Action
What joint movement a muscle
produces
i.e. flexion, extension, abduction,
etc.
ASSOCIATED TERMS
• Tendon
cord of fibrous tissue
• Belly
Fleshy part of muscle

53. Muscles Named for Action
Action:
● flexor carpi radialis –
flexes wrist
● abductor magnus –
abducts the thigh
● extensor digitorum –
extends the fingers
● levator – lifts a structure