This contains the importance of studying philosophy

1. Why the study of
Philosophy is
important?

2. 1. Philosophy enlarges our understanding of the world. It
expands our intellectual horizons and freedom of thought.
2. Philosophy raises public awareness and helps in forming
engaged and responsible citizens.
3. Philosophy can increase our sensitivity for universalistic
moral values and stimulate our readiness to stand up for
the principles of justice and fairness.
4. Philosophy can give one self-knowledge, foresight, and a
sense of direction in life.
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According to Zunjic (2011) studying or doing philosophy could
be beneficial in many regards such as:

3. Why is there a need
to philosophize?

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1.Men have the tendency to wonder (Plato).
For example: we asked questions about our
existence
2. Men also have the tendency to doubt
(Rene de Cartes). For example: Men have to
test and verify information before accepting
it.

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3.Men do philosophize because of his/her
experience ( Karl Jaspers). Our daily
experience challenged our ideas and way
of thinking. For example: Giving money to
a beggar, and found out that he uses it for
gambling.
4. Men’s love for wisdom (Socrates). Men’s desire
for truth or seeking of knowledge is not to claim
ownership of it but to get the bottom of things.

6. Who are the most
notable ancient
Greek philosophers?
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1. Pythagoras (570 BCE to 495 BCE) – He is a
mathematician and a scientist, and he was credited
with formulating the Pythagorean theorem.
2. Heraclitus (535 BCE to 475 BCE)- He proposed that
everything that exist is based on a higher order or plan
which he called logos.
3. Democritus (460 BCE to 370 BCE) – He primarily
remembered today for his formulation of an atomic
theory of the universe. He was the first to propose that
matter is composed of tiny particles called atom

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4. Diogenes of Sinope (412 BCE to 323 BCE)- He
was known as advocate of living a simple and virtuous
life. His teachings and views influenced the
development of several schools of philosophy such as
Cynicism and Stoicism.
5. Epicurus ( 341 BCE to 270 BCE) – He believed that
philosophy could enable man to live a life of happiness.
His perspective gave rise to Epicureanism – a school of
philosophy which believes that wisdom and simple
living will result in a life free of fear and pain.

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6. Socrates (470 BCE to 399 BCE) – He was
considered the foremost philosopher of ancient times.
He contributed much to the field of ethics. He was
known of developing Socratic Method - a means of
examining a topic by devising a series of questions
that let the learner examine and analyze his
knowledge and views regarding the topic

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7. Plato (427 to 347 BCE) –A student of Socrates, he
wrote some of his mentor’s teachings and
incorporated some of his own ideas.
a) Plato’s most significant ideas included his Theory
of Forms, which proposes that everything that exist is
based on the idea that can only be perceived in mind.
b) He is famous for his dialectic - a method of inquiry
where two opposing ideas are discussed in an
attempt to arrive in a new knowledge.

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8. Aristotle (384 BCE to 322 BCE) – He attended the Academy
and was a prominent student of Plato. He was against the idea of
Plato’s theory of forms and took a different stance in interpreting
reality.
 For him, all ideas and views are based on perception and our
reality is based on what we can sense and perceive. Aristotle
was involved in a great variety of discipline such as zoology,
psychology, ethics, and politics.
 He formulated a formal process of analyzing reasoning –
deductive reasoning – the process by which specific
statements are analyzed to reach a conclusion or
generalization.

12. “
“Life is not a bed of
roses” .
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 implies that as human beings we live
life confronted with issues, challenges,
problems and concerns, big or small,
that affects our way of thinking.
 How to deal with life situation
 In lesson 2 we will be enlightened with
the ways on how to view the issues,
challenges, problems and concerns that
is pressing on you.

14. Lesson 2: PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTION
Learning Competencies:
Realize the value of doing philosophy in obtaining a
broad perspective life (PPT11/12-Ib-1.3)
Do a philosophical reflection on a concrete situation from a
holistic perspective. (PPT11/12-Ic-1.4)

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Greek Philosopher Contribution Application in your life
1. Aristotle
2. Socrates
3. Epicurus
4. Diogenes
of Sinope
Activity 1. Let’s Remember!
Complete the table below by writing the Greek Philosopher’s contributions.
How these contributions applied in your life. Do this in your activity notebook.

16. What is Philosophical Reflection?
Philosophical Reflection
Refers to the careful examination of life situation. This
involves the weighing of alternatives and using specific
standards to evaluate one’s action. An individual reflects
philosophically when he builds on previous actions, events
and or decisions.
According to the words of Socrates, the great Greek
philosopher,” the unexamined life is not worth living.” One of
the major things that distinguishes man from other animals is
his ability to think, use his creativity and his critical thinking.
16

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Reflection
It requires a person to be willing to examine one’s
thought, feelings and actions and learn more about
one’s life and experiences. One can reflect on almost
any subject. For instance, the moment you go to bed, you
can already reflect upon the things that you plan to do for
the next day. Reflection helps you sort your priorities
in life.
Simple actions take a whole new meaning when one engages in
reflection.

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When buying clothes, for example, think of the questions that you
ask yourself as you consider buying the t-shirt or blouse you are
holding. You may start with simple questions: “Will these fit me?”,
“Do I look good in these colors? Can I afford to buy these
stuffs?” Any buyer would ask these usual questions himself or
herself.
However, since we are in a reflective and philosophizing mood, let
us now try to think of “deeper” questions and reflect on the
situations. You may find yourself asking the following questions.
“Why will I buy this shirt?”
“Is it reasonable to buy this shirt?”

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Notice the difference when you engage in reflection. The
simple task of buying new shirt becomes something much
more. If you concentrate only on the simple questions, you
would just buy that shirt immediately. But, your reflection
allows you an opportunity to think deeply about your
action, your motivations for doing such an action, and
even its possible consequence.
Reflection is vital in ensuring that our actions and
decisions are well thought out and are done with due
regard for their implications and consequences on
others, our surroundings, and ourselves.

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Is holistic and partial thinking the same?
Partial thinking
A way of thinking that focuses on the specific aspects of the
situation. The partial view is an important component of analytical
thinking, on certain areas or aspects of the problem in order to
understand it.
Holistic thinking
Refers to a perspective that considers large-scale patterns in
systems. This is often described as looking at the “big picture”
when describing and analyzing a situation or a problem. A holistic
perspective requires an individual to have an open mindset and an
ability to get a general sense or impression regarding a
situation.

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.
•Partial Perspective
People tend to apply an partial perspective when looking at
problems or situation.
For instance, doctors often focus on a specific set of symptoms
to determine the cause of the patient’s illness.
Once a particular cause has been identified,
the doctor then prescribe the appropriate medicine and
other treatments to address the illness. In case of a
person who experiences a stomachache, a doctor may prescribe
the appropriate medicine that will address the physical causes
of the problem.

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.
•Holistic Perspective
Looking the same picture in the partial perspective,
a holistic thinking can be shown in this manner.
In this view, the doctor will be able to identify the
underlying causes of the illness by digging into the
patient’s habits and lifestyle, which would lead to the
discovery of fatigue and stress as factors that cause
the illness. Hence, the doctor can advise the patient to
make changes in his or her habits to reduce stress and Freepik.
eventually improve his or her well-being

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.
In addition, a holistic perspective also enable a person
to step back and consider the general aspects of a certain
problem. It gives rise to a more appreciative aspect about life,
as we are able to look at life in its totality. This means that we
try to understand a situation from different advantage points
so we can see it more clearly. Just as we savor food in its
entirety and not to pick out each ingredient and taste it.
We experience and appreciate life in its entirety and not just
its specific “flavors” of happiness, sadness, sorrows, etc.
We learn to value and recognize our individual experiences
as important aspects of a larger and more meaningful life.

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.Think!
1) From the discussion, how can holistic view
help us become a better person?
_____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

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.
Our ability to engage in philosophical reflection helps us
develop beneficial skills, which are deemed important in our daily
situations such as:
1. Philosophy enables a person to develop a critical and analytical
mindset in processing information and addressing certain issues
encountered in life.
 Our ability to critically think helps us from being tricked by false
claims and manipulative schemes.
2. Philosophy helps us develop problem solving and decision-making
skills.
 It is through our engagement with philosophy that we learn how
to analyze a problem and come up with alternative solutions is
very important skill learned through philosophy.

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.
3. Philosophy trains us to become precise and clear in
presenting our ideas and thoughts.
 As we engage in discussion and debate, philosophy
enables us to convey our ideas precisely and clearly.
4. Philosophy contributes greatly to the self-development of
a person.
 In our quest to become a better version of our self,
philosophy encourages us to understand our self,
our strength and weaknesses, our identity and our
very purpose in life along with our engagement in the
community, the nation and the world.

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What’s More?
Activity 2: Get Engage! (by Team)
Engage in reflection on the following
situations. List down the simple,
serious, and deep questions you
would ask yourself in these situations.
Write your answers on Manila Paper.

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Situations
Possible questions
(simple, serious, and deep)
1. You go to the market, and several vendors are calling
you to buy the fish that they sell. You are deciding which
vendor you will choose to buy fish.
2. You and your friends are deciding to go window
shopping and you decide which shop you will go first.
3. You open your wallet and saw P50.00 left from your
weekly allowance.
4. One of your friends has uploaded embarrassing pictures
of another friend on Facebook. It was supposed to be a
joke, your other friend is angry for what your other friend did
and is telling you to befriend her.
5. You have been saving your allowance in order to buy a
new pair of fashion shoes, but your mother is asking you to
give your savings for your brother to buy materials for his
project.

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Complete the table below. Write your answer on your notebook.
Situation
Philosophical actions to be
done before accomplishing
the situation
1. Buying new clothes
2. Choosing friends
3. Eating foods
4. Going to school
5. Playing computer games
6. Asking permission if you would like to
go out with friends.
7. Watching movies that are not allowed
with your age.
8. Posting your feelings and opinion in the
social media.