3. Pareto Diagram
Pareto charts are a type of bar chart in which the horizontal axis
represents categories of interest, rather than a continuous scale. The
categories are often “defects.”
This tool is based on the idea that the majority of defects are
caused by few defective item, which classifies the quality problem into
the “vital few” and “trivial many” (80-20 rule).
A cumulative percentage line helps you judge the
added contribution of each category.
Pareto charts can help to focus improvement efforts on
areas where the largest gains can be made.
5. Procedure
1. Decide on the problem to be addressed or items to study and
collect data.
2. Decide also the period for which the data is to be collected.
3. Arrange the data in order of decreasing size.
4. Calculate the cumulative number and percentage.
5. Draw horizontal and vertical axes on graph paper.
6. Draw the bar graph.
7. Draw the vertical axis on the right edge and scale it.
8. Draw the cumulative curve.
Complete the diagram with titles and units of reference.( Figure 1)
6. Cause and Effect Diagram
The cause and effect diagram analysis was first developed by
Professor Kaoru Ishikawa of the University of Tokyo in the 1940s’, is
also known as the ‘Fishbone Diagram’ or the ‘Ishikawa Diagram’.
His first application of this technique was in the Fulsai iron work
1953. Due to its’ final form, some people called it the “Fishbone
Diagram”.
This tool is a picture of lines and symbols designed to represent the
relationship between the effects as problems and the causes
influencing them.
There is no “correct” way to construct a fishbone diagram, some
types lend themselves well to many different situations.
7. Figure 2 : Example of Cause and Effect Diagram
tools
Missing maintanance
Solder joints
wire destroyed by mice
Bad transmitter
Wire
Speaker
con
Defective volume
Intermitten
voltage
Irregular
instruction
Poor
attitudes
training
Lack of
Manpower
Machines
Methods
Measurements
Cause and Ef f ect Diagram
Cone
Coil
Backbone
Factor
Middle bone
Small bone Effect
Example
8. Uses of Ishikawa Diagram
1. To recognize important causes
2. To understand all effects and causes
3. To compare operational procedures
4. To find major solutions
5. To figure out, what to do?
6. To improve the process
9. 1. State the problem as precisely as possible and draw the back bone.
2. Draw the large bone.
3. Get all members involved by participating in the brainstorming
session to obtain as many ideas as possible.
4. The ideas collected are then critically examined to classify them
into the main grouping and subsequent grouping (middle bone, small
bone and fine bone). (Figure 2)
5. Dram the middle bones, small bones and fine bones.
6. Check to see whether any causes have been left.
7. Identify the important causes by members vote, proper analysis of
data and Pareto diagram.
8. Fill in all related information such title, product, process, etc..
Procedure
10. Graph
Graph refer to the results of statistical analysis of data (numbers)
which are shown in diagrammatic form to communicate information.
There are numerous types of graphs as listed are commonly use;
a. Bar graph
b. Line graph
c. Radar graph
f. Pie graph
Each of above graphs is applicable based on analysis requirement.
11. Attandance Chart
95%
5%
0
1
2
3
Self Improvement
Leadership
Team Spirit
Communication
Knowledge
Decisive
Before After
Weekly Brown Stain Fallout
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
week
%
Brown Stain Fallout
0.000
0.200
0.400
0.600
0.800
1.000
1.200
1.400
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
week
%
Bar Graph
Radar Graph
Line Graph
Pie Graph
Example
12. Check sheets are sheets that are design in advance to collect the
necessary data easily and systematically, which allow the efficient
checking of all items for inspection and verification.
Check Sheet
13. Procedure
1. Specify the aim of collecting data
2. Decide on the item to be check
3. Decide on the method for stratification
4. Format the check sheet
5. Analyze the data
6. Make clear the causes
7. Implementation of counter measure
8. Grasp the effect
9. Standardization of operations to practice the new and improves
method properly.
14. Scatter Diagram
Scatter diagram is a diagram where the relationship between two
characteristic value are plotted and analyze as to whether a
correlation exists between the two set of data.
Several types of correlation could be found from scatter diagram
are;
1. Positive strong correlation
2. Negative strong correlation
3. Positive moderate correlation
4. Negative moderate correlation
5. Absence of correlation
15. Figure 3 : Example of Scatter Diagram (Positive strong correlation)
Example
20
15
10
5
19
14
9
4
BTU.Out
BTU.In
Scatter Diagram f or BTU
16. Procedure
1. Collect and count the number of data
2. Determine the largest (L) and smallest (S) value of data
3. Select number of classes (bars)
Number of Data Number of Classes (K)
30 - 50 5 - 8
51 - 100 6 - 10
101 - 300 7 - 13
4. Find class interval (H)
H = L - S / K
5. Determine starting point of classes
6. Calculate mid value of each class (half of the measurement unit)
7. Count frequency of data
8. Prepare the histogram
17. Histogram
A histogram is a vertical bar chart that depicts the distribution of a
set of data.
It is a useful tool to study the dispersion of data and analyze
certain quality characteristic of the product or service to which the
data in histogram refers.
A histogram does not reflect the process behavior over time
19. Procedure
1. Collect and count the number of data
2. Determine the largest (L) and smallest (S) value of data
3. Select number of classes (bars)
Number of Data Number of Classes (K)
30 - 50 5 - 8
51 - 100 6 - 10
101 - 300 7 - 13
4. Find class interval (H)
H = L - S / K
5. Determine starting point of classes
6. Calculate mid value of each class (half of the measurement unit)
7. Count frequency of data
8. Prepare the histogram
