Ancient Mongol's history Great Khans by NUM students TS. ANARMAA CH. NOMIN

1. Ilkhanate letters
SB- NOMIN.CH
SEAS- ANARMAA.TS

2. Ilkhanate 1256-1353

3. Khanate
• Hulagu khan /1256-1265/ son of Tolui , a grandson of Chinggis Khan, brother
of Ariq Böke, Möngke Khan, and Kublai Khan
• Abaqa khan /1265-1282/ son of Hulagu Khan
• Ahmed Tekuder (Sultan Ahmad) /1282-1284/ son of Hulegu and brother
of Abaqa
• Arghun khan /1284-1291/ son of Abaqa Khan
• Gaykhatu khan /1291-1295/
• Baidu /1295/ son of Taraqai, who was fifth son of Hulagu Khan
• Mahmud Ghazan /1295-1304/ son of Arghun Khan
• Öljaitü ( Muhammad Khodabandeh) /1304-1316/ son of Arghun Khan
• Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan /1317-1335/ son of Öljaitü khan

4. HULAGU KHAN

5. Message from Hulagu Khan to the Mamluk of Egypt, after the latter ran
away from a battle against the Mongols:
“From the King of Kings of the East and West, the Great Khan. To
Qutuz the Mamluk, who fled to escape our swords. You should think of
what happened to other countries and submit to us. You have heard
how we have conquered a vast empire and have purified the earth of
the disorders that tainted it. We have conquered vast areas, massacring
all the people. You cannot escape from the terror of our armies. Where
can you flee? What road will you use to escape us? Our horses are swift,
our arrows sharp, our swords like thunderbolts, our hearts as hard as
the mountains, our soldiers as numerous as the sand. Fortresses will not
detain us, nor armies stop us. Your prayers to God will not avail against
us. We are not moved by tears nor touched by lamentations. Only those
who beg our protection will be safe. Hasten your reply before the fire of
war is kindled. Resist and you will suffer the most terrible catastrophes.
We will shatter your mosques and reveal the weakness of your God and
then will kill your children and your old men together. At present you
are the only enemy against whom we have to march."

7. The Battle of Ayn Jalut
Mongols vs. Mamluks

8. ARGHUN KHAN

10. Arghun Letter To Philippe Le Bel, in Mongolian language and script, Extract, 1289 ink on
parchment 185 × 25 cm (72.8 × 9.8 in)
“Monkh Tengeriin khuchin dor,
Khaanii suu dor,
Argun ug maani,
Ired Faransaa. Nodnin chi Mar Bar Sawma sagura
terguuten elchineer ochij ilgeeruun: Ilkhanii tserguud
Misiriin zug morilvoos bid beer endees morilj khamsay
khemen ochij ilgeesniig chin zovshooj Tengeriig
zalbirch bars jil ovliin etses sard morilj khavryn terguun
saryn arvan tavnaa Dimisq buuya khemeev. Edugee
unen ugtee khuren, tserguudee bolzol dor ilgeej,
tengert mor ogtoj, ted irge avbaas Orislimiig tanaa
ogiye. Khem bolzol khojdoj tserguudiig nemuulbees yu
zokhikh? Khoino beer genevees yakhan tus aa? Bas ali
beer khelen nemen elchineeree jiguur aguulgan
Ferenkuudiin gazryn tansguud, shonkhod, eldev
ongoton goroos ogch ilgeevees kher ba soyorkhokhiig
Tengeriin khuchin Khaany suu medtugei, khemeen
Muskeril khorchiig ilgeev. Bichig maani ukher jil zuny
terguun saryn zurgaan khuuchdad Khondlonoo bukhui
dor bichvei."
"Under the power of the Eternal Heaven. Under the majesty of the Khan
(Kublai Khan). Arghun our word. To the Rey da France (King of France).
Last year you sent your ambassadors led by Mar Bar Sawma telling us:
"if the soldiers of the Il-Khan ride in the direction of Misir (Egypt) we
ourselves will ride from here and join you", which words we have
approved and said (in reply) "praying to Tengri (Heaven) we will ride on
the last month of winter on the year of the Tiger and descend on
Dimisq (Damascus) on the 15th of the first month of spring." Now, if,
being true to your words, you send your soldiers at the appointed time
and, worshipping Heaven, we conquer those citizens (of Damascus
together), we will give you Orislim (Jerusalem). How can it be
appropriate if you were to start amassing your soldiers later than the
appointed time and appointment? What would be the use of regretting
afterwards? Also, if, adding any additional messages, you let your
ambassadors fly (to us) on wings, sending us luxuries, falcons, whatever
precious articles and beasts there are from the land of the Franks, the
Power of Tengri and the Majesty of the Khan only knows how we will
treat you favorably. With these words we have send Muskeril
(Buscarello) the Khorchi. Our writing was written while we were at
Khondlon on the sixth khuuchid of the first month of summer on the
year of the Ox.

11. TO APOLOGIZE

12. Great khans
SEAS-1 Anarmaa
SB-1 Nomin
SB-2 Bilegee

13. Khans of the Mongol Empire.

14. Chinghis khan
His personality
In reaction, Chinggis grew up with an ideal
of a unified and harmonious society, with clear lines
of authority
and obedience, that he would eventually realize in his
imperial institutions. Family loyalty was his
touchstone
of worth, and disorder was anathema.
Intensely loyal to his companions, Chinggis also took
deep pleasure in the through destruction of his
enemies, thus realizing the ideals of the Mongol tribal
moral code, which emphasized the idea of achi
qari’ulqu, or returning good for good and evil for evil.
Ironically for such a famous conqueror, we know little
of Chinggis’s tactical battle skills; indeed, the major
sources, taken at face value, suggest that his skill
was not so much as a battle commander but as a
ruler who discovered and used talent. Part of this skill
was his openness to criticism and correction from
those within his trusted circle. In the court of Chinggis
Khan one finds relatively little of the constant
intrigues endemic to despotic government. Perhaps
due to his upbringing, Chinggis also had no difficulty
in receiving advice from the strong women around
him, particularly his mother.

15. Нэгэнтээ тэрээр Боорчу болон бусад нөхдөөсөө
“Эр хүний дээд цэнгэл юу вэ?” хэмээн асуув. Тэд
шонхороор анГуучлах, хавар цагт сайн морь унах
зэрэг хэлжээ.
Хариуд нь Чингис хаан:
- “Та нар буруу байна. Эр хүний дээд цэнгэл бол
дайснаа даран сөнөөж, өмч юуг нь эзэгнэж, морь юуг
нь эзэгнэж, эхнэр юуг нь эдлэн, уруулыг нь озон,
тэдний биеийг нь түшиг дэвсгэр мэт эдлэх явдал”
хэмээжээ.
“Чингис хаан түүний амьдрал
ба өв”
-Пауль Рачневский

16. Ögedei Khan
13 September 1229 – 11 December 1241

17. Ögedei Khan (b. 1186, r. 1229–1241)
Successor of Chinggis Khan, who expanded the empire
and reformed administration.
Under Ögedei Khan the Mongols completed the
conquest of North China and expanded the empire into
the Middle East, the Qipchaq steppe, and the Russian
principalities.
At the same time Ögedei created written regulations
for many of his father’s new institutions and began the
process of adapting Mongol rule to sedentary institutions
and ideas in North China and Turkestan.
His generosity and flexibility established a new model for
Mongol emperors, one that would compete with his
father’s legacy of severity and rigor.

18. EARLY LIFE AND CORONATION
• Ögedei was the third son of BÖRTE ÜJIN, CHINGGIS KHAN’s principal wife, and
participated in the turbulent events of his father’s rise.
• Chinggis Khan allowed his three elder sons to campaign independently for the
first time in November 1211 against the JIN DYNASTY in China. In autumn 1213
Chinggis sent the three elder sons to ravage the land south through Hebei
province and then north through Shanxi before linking up with their father at
Yanjing
• . During the campaign against KHORAZM Ögedei and Cha’adai butchered the
people of Otrar after a five-month siege (winter 1219–20), before joining Jochi
to besiege the capital of Urganch, slaughtering the entire population in 1221.
Only the artisans were spared, and the three sons divided them among
themselves.
• When they returned to their father, he berated them for not giving him a share,
until CHORMAQAN and other of Chinggis’s quiver bearers placated the
emperor’s wrath.

19. Coronation of Ogedei
An ugly scene followed in which Cha’adai
accused Jochi of being a bastard. After the
two brawling sons were separated, Cha’adai
suggested as a compromise that Ögedei be
chosen. Jochi agreed, and Chinggis
confirmed their choice, making Ögedei his
successor.
Chinggis died in August 1227, and Jochi
had died a year or two earlier, removing any
possible source of conflict. Cha’adai
continued to support his younger brother’s
claim; the alliance of the Ögedeid and
Cha’adaid families was a constant of
Mongolian politics for the next eight
decades. Ögedei’s younger brother TOLUI
held the regency until 1229, when a great
QURILTAI met at Ködö’e Aral on the
KHERLEN RIVER. After ritually declining
three times, Ögedei was proclaimed “Great
KHAN” of the Mongols, on September 13,
1229.

20. Family
Consorts
• Ogedei has many
wives and sixty
consorts. Only four
of khatun was
found.
 Fisrt, Burakchin
Second one is
Dorgene
Third, Muka
Fourt, Jachin
•His sons
Güyük
Khan
Khuden
Khochu
Khorachar
Khashi
Kadan
Melig
Portrait of Ögedei Khan (the 14th
century). Recreation of a Yuan
portrait in the National Palace
Museum in Taipei.

21. MILITARY EXPANSION
• Unlike his father or his younger brother
Tolui, Ögedei took relatively little personal
interest in campaigning.
• After his coronation, he participated
personally in only two seasons of
campaigning. Ögedei participated in the
campaigns against the rump Jin dynasty.
Ögedei’s attempt to subjugate the
kingdom of Korea
met with less success.
• He dispatched Sartaq there in 1231; the
Korean king temporarily submitted but
then rose up and killed the Mongol
overseers and fled to Kanghwa Island. As
Sartaq was campaigning against them, he
was hit with a stray arrow and died.
•
At the same time, Ögedei completed Chinggis’s
conquests in the Middle East. Jalal-ud-Din
Mengüberdi, son of the last ruler of Khorazm, had
been trying to build a new base in western Iran, but
Mongol operations in that prompted a withdrawal
area had driven him off and secured the surrender
of Isfahan in 1229.
• In 1234 after returning to Mongolia, Ögedei held
another quriltai, announcing plans for conquest of
the Koreans, the SONG DYNASTY in South China,
and the QIPCHAQS and their allies in the west, all
of whom had killed Mongol envoys. The campaigns
against the Song, commanded by Ögedei’s sons,
KÖTEN in the west and Köchü in the east,
penetrated deep into Song territory but
did not deliver any decisive blow.
• In 1240 Köten dispatched a subsidiary expedition
to Tibet, which was the Mongols’ first contact with
that land.

22. PERSONALITY AND STYLE OF RULE
In describing his sons, Chinggis Khan saw Ögedei’s chief characteristic as courtesy and
generosity. Despite the continued carnage of the Mongol conquests, Ögedei tried tolive up to this
assessment. He kept peace among the branches of his family, criticizing his own son Güyüg and
Cha’ada’s son Büri for not respecting their nephew Batu. The mysterious death of Tolui in 1232
seems to have affected him deeply, although whether his grief included some remorse for having
contributed to his younger brother’s death is hard to say.
By 1240 Ögedei had replaced Yelü Chucai with Mahmud Yalavach and handed taxes over to ‘Abd-
ur-Rahman, who promised to double the annual payments of silver. Ögedei eventually fell victim to
alcoholism. From 1235 he had became an increasingly heavy drinker of both Mongol KOUMISS
and Turkestani grape wine. Cha’adai entrusted an official to watch his habit, but Ögedei managed
to drink anyway. When he died at dawn on December 11, 1241, after a late-night drinking bout,
Chinese officials blamed the grape wine forwarded to the feast by ‘Abd-ur-Rahman, while others
blamed the sister of Tolui’s widow, who had arranged the feast. The Mongol aristocrats recognized,
however, that the khan’s own lack of self-control had killed him, and they squashed any
investigation into his death. Ögedei had nominated his grandson Shiremün as his heir, but Empress
Töregene became regent.

23. Chinggis Khan and three of his four sons.

24. World conquests

25. • Expansion in the Middle East
• The fall of the Jin dynasty
• Conquest of Georgia and
Armenia
• Invasion of Korea
• Europe
• Conflict with the Song China
• India

26. Karakorum
From 1235–38 Ögedei constructed a series of palaces and pavilions at stopping places in
his annual nomadic route through central Mongolia. The first palace Wanangong was
constructed by North Chinese artisans. The Emperor urged his relatives build residences
nearby and settled the deported craftsmen from China near the site. The construction of
the city, Karakorum, was finished in 1235, assigning different quarters to Islamic and
North Chinese craftsmen, who competed to win Ögedei's favor. Earthen walls with 4
gates surrounded the city. Attached were private apartments, while in front of stood a
giant stone tortoise bearing an engraved pillar, like those that were commonly used in
East Asia. There was a castle with doors like the gates of the garden and a series of lakes
where many water fowl gathered. Ögedei erected several houses of worship for his
Buddhist, Muslim, Taoist, and Christian followers. In the Chinese ward, there was a
Confucian temple where Yelu Chucai used to create or regulate a calendar on the Chinese
model.

27. They had the Parisian goldsmith, Guillaume Bouchier,[design the famous Silver Tree of Karakorum for
the city centre.

29. • Encyclopedia of Christopher Atwood
• Wikipedia
• Ghenchis khan, his life and legacy –
Рачневский Паул
• Судрын чуулган 2 – Рашид Ад Дин
• Youtube
Bibliography

30. Black death
The Black Death, also known as the Great Plague, the Black
Plague, or the Plague

31. • The Mongol Empire may have
played a pivotal role in
spreading the bubonic plague,
which convulsed its realms
and ushered in the
Eurasiawide catastrophe of the
mid-14th century. By 1304 the
various successor states of the
divided MONGOL EMPIRE had
reached a new period of
stability.
• The Black Death is thought to
have originated in the dry plains
of Central Asia, where it travelled
along the Silk Road,
reaching Crimea by 1343. From
there, it was most likely carried
by Oriental rat fleas living on
the black rats that were regular
passengers on merchant ships,
spreading throughout
the Mediterranean and Europe.
Origin

33. • The disease may have
travelled along the Silk
Road with Mongol armies and
traders or it could have come
via ship. By the end of 1346,
reports of plague had reached
the seaports of Europe: "India
wasdepopulated, Tartary,
• Mesopotamia, Syria, Armenia
were covered with dead
bodies” The Black Death is
widely believed to have been
the result of plague, caused
by infection with
the bacterium Yersinia pestis.
• It reached Europe in the late
1340s, killing an estimated 25
million people.

35. A Venetian plague doctor, c1800. (Photo By DEA
PICTURE LIBRARY/De Agostini/
Clothes infected by the Black Death being
burnt, c 1340. An illustration from the
‘Romance of Alexander’ in the Bodleian
Library,Oxford. (Photo by Hulton Archive

36. Black DeathBlessed Bernard Tolomei Interceding
for the Cessation of the Plague in Siena, oil on
copper by Giuseppe Maria Crespi, c. 1735.Active
Museum/Alamy
A town crier calling for the families of victims
of the Black Death to “bring out your dead”
for mass burial.Courtesy of the National
Library of Medicine

37. • The Mongols have a rapidly
spreading bubonic plague by
facilitating trade and
communication across the
Eurasia.
• Khubilai's administration led
Mongolians to the southern
steppe of the pastureland in the
middle of the thirteenth century
after the pre-Yunnan and
Burmese prevalence of the
Pasteurella pestis virus in the
Mongolian steppe.
• In 1348, Абу Хафс Умар ибн ал-
Варди of Aleppo in North of
Syria written that “beginning in
the dark”, then it came to the
Islamic world.
• In other words, the Yunnan
Province had been a pandemic
for hundreds of years, and was
among the epidemics of human
pandemic.
• The pandemic was originally
among the rodents and
eventually infected with humans.
• By the way, when the Mongols
were ruling, the plague from
Yunnan Province to China was
plagued by the plague in 1331,
and killed about 90 percent of
the population of Hebei
Province near Beijing.

38. Oriental rat flea
(Xenopsylla cheopis), primary vector for the transmission of
the bacterium Yersinia pestis between rats and humans.
Yersinia pestis microscopic image shows
Yersinia pestis, the bacterium thacauses
plague.

41. • It reached Europe in the late 1340s, killing an estimated 25
million people.

42. Bibliography
• Encyclopedia of Christopher Atwood
• Wikipedia
• Youtube
• Google
• Монгол улсын түүх 4-р бүлэг
• МОНГОЛЧУУД: ДЭЛХИЙГ ЭРХШЭЭСЭН
МОРЬТОН ДАЙЧДЫН ГҮРЭН (XII-XVII)

43. THANKS FOR YOUR ANTENTION