1.
MGTS
7609-‐
Contemporary
Employment
Relations
Anisha
Mandhana:
43654192
Semester
1,
2015
R e p o r t
o n
c o m p l e x i t i e s
s u r r o u n d i n g
t h e
i s s u e s
o f
C h i l d
L a b o u r
i n
M i n i n g
S e c t o r .
Analytical
Essay
2. ANALYTICAL
ESSAY
Anisha
Mandhana:
43654192
MGTS
7609-‐
CONTEMPORARY
EMPLOYMENT
RELATIONS
2
EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
Our
society
is
both
harsh
and
friendly
towards
children.
On
one
hand,
it
is
viewed
that
children
have
the
best
facilities
and
live
in
better
conditions
than
before
while
on
the
other
hand
the
modern
industrial
culture
has
made
children
victims
of
vested
interests
of
large
multinationals
who
tend
to
neglect
them
in
their
pursuit
to
grow
and
gain
competitive
advantage.
Among
such
atrocities
child
labour
is
most
prominent.
Around
58.6
percent
children
work
in
the
agricultural
sector
the
highest
among
all
sectors.
The
Industry
sector
(include
mining
and
quarrying,
construction,
manufacturing
etc.)
includes
7.2
percent
(ILO,
2012).
Child
Labour
in
mining
is
spread
worldwide.
It
is
a
hazardous
occupation
and
all
the
more
dangerous
for
children
because
their
mental
capabilities
are
still
growing.
Constant
exposure
to
harmful
chemicals
and
minerals
can
cause
various
diseases
including
cancer.
During
the
research
I
cam
across
various
articles
with
alarming
details
and
statistics
of
how
widespread
the
issue
is.
The
rationale
for
this
analytical
report
is
to
understand
issues
relating
to
child
labour
in
small-‐scale
mining
sector.
This
report
to
be
submitted
to
the
CEO
of
ABC
Mines
LTD.,
headquartered
in
South
Africa.
The
company
owns
many
large
mining
sites
in
Africa,
Asia
and
some
parts
of
Europe.
The
report
starts
with
general
facts
about
International
Labour
Organization,
Child
labour
and
the
mining
industry.
Later,
the
issue
of
child
labour
specifically
in
the
mining
sector
is
addressed.
Finally,
there
are
few
recommendations
that
can
be
adopted
by
MNC’s
suggesting
ways
they
can
contribute
to
solve
the
issue
of
child
labour.
3. ANALYTICAL
ESSAY
Anisha
Mandhana:
43654192
MGTS
7609-‐
CONTEMPORARY
EMPLOYMENT
RELATIONS
3
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
PAGE
NO.
1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………..
4
2. BACKGROUND
2.1. INTERNATIONAL
LABOR
ORGANISATION…………………………5
2.2. CHILD
LABOR……………………………………………………………5
2.3. MINING
INDUSTRY…………………………………………………….
6
3. ISSUE-‐
OUTLINE……………………………………………………………………..7
3.1. CHILD
LABOR
IN
THE
MINING
INDUSTRY………………………….8
3.2. PRESENT
SITUATION…………………………………………………..9
4. RECOMMENDATIONS……………………………………………………………….10
4.1
LOCAL
LEVEL………………………………………….………………..10
4.2
NATIONAL
LEVEL…………………………….………………………..10
4.3
INTERNATIONAL
LEVEL………………..……………………………..11
5. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………11
6. REFERENCE…………………………………………………………………………..12
7. APPENDIX…………………………………………………………………………….15
4. ANALYTICAL
ESSAY
Anisha
Mandhana:
43654192
MGTS
7609-‐
CONTEMPORARY
EMPLOYMENT
RELATIONS
4
1. INTRODUCTION
Globalization
has
essentially
changed
the
power
dynamics
of
the
society.
The
world
has
come
closer.
What
was
limited
to
domestic
demands
has
now
gone
global.
Though,
this
change
has
opened
corridors
for
various
developing
countries,
it
has
also
resulted
in
governance
and
control
issues.
Thus,
the
shift
of
authority
has
caused
states
to
loose
control.
The
change
of
power
dynamics
has
necessitated
standard
global
practices.
To
ensure
social,
human,
economical
and
environmental
prosperity
various
governing
bodies
have
been
set
up.
United
nations
(UN),
World
Trade
Organization
(WTO),
International
Monetary
fund
(IMF),
World
Bank
are
some
of
them.
The
International
Labor
Organization
(ILO)
is
also
one
such
institute
that
is
set
to
safeguard
employee
rights
by
setting
up
conventions
and
policies.
The
notion
of
development
has
occupied
universal
thinking.
But
this
economic
progress
has
affected
the
most
susceptible
elements
of
society,
children.
The
Economist
mentioned,
“Of
all
the
alleged
sins
of
globalization,
child
labour
has
been
among
the
most
scorned”
(Panjabi,
2009).
It
is
a
violation
of
basic
rights
of
children
affecting
their
education,
social
life
and
physical
and
mental
development.
Of
course
the
reaction
would
be
to
ban
child
labour
altogether
but
it
is
difficult
to
legalize
informal
or
small-‐
scale
sectors.
One
such
sector
is
artisanal
and
small-‐scale
mines
(ASM).
Over
the
past
few
years
child
labor
in
ASM
has
caught
considerable
attention
from
ILO
and
other
organisations.
Even
after
so
much
intensity
surrounding
this
topic
child
labor
in
mining
resurfaces
every
few
years.
When
civil
wars
break
they
destroy
the
source
of
income
of
families
specially
living
in
the
remote
areas
which
forces
parents
to
include
children
in
mining
activities
to
support
the
family(ILO,
2015d).
In
such
situations
Governments
prove
to
be
incompetent
to
employ
laws.
UNICEF’s
“Multiple
Indicator
Cluster
Surveys”
(MICS)
and
ILO’s
“Statistical
Information
and
Monitoring
Programme
on
Child
Labour”
(SIMPOC)
provide
data
relating
to
child
labour.
Data
of
course
cannot
change
the
world
but
surely
helps
in
the
change
process.
1
million
children
are
engaged
in
small
scale
mines
aged
between
5
and
17
worldwide
(ILO,
2015d)
5. ANALYTICAL
ESSAY
Anisha
Mandhana:
43654192
MGTS
7609-‐
CONTEMPORARY
EMPLOYMENT
RELATIONS
5
2.BACKGROUND
2.1. THE
INTERNATIONAL
LABOUR
ORGANIZATION
(ILO)
Established
in
1919,
it
became
the
first
specialized
agency
of
the
United
Nations
(UN)
in
1946(ILO,
2015a).
With
a
unique
tripartite
structure,
ILO
aims
to
ensure
equal
rights
at
work,
develop
decent
employment
opportunities,
enable
dialogues
between
employees
and
employers,
and
provide
social
protection(ILO,
2015a).
Since
the
inception,
ILO
has
created
and
upheld
a
fundamental
system
known
as
the
“international
labour
standards”.
International
Labour
standards
are
legally
enforceable
mechanisms
made
by
the
representatives
of
governments,
employers
and
workers
who
form
the
structure
of
ILO
(ILO,
2015c).
These
standards
are
discussed
at
the
International
Labor
Conference.
Standards
are
of
two
types:
conventions-‐
international
treaties
that
can
be
legally
enforced
and
recommendations-‐
non-‐binding
instruments
that
function
as
guidelines(ILO,
2015c).
Of
the
eight
fundamental
conventions
by
ILO,
one
establishes
the
“convention
concerning
the
prohibition
and
immediate
action
for
the
elimination
of
the
worst
form
of
child
labour.”
(no.182).
Article
3,
Part
(d)
of
the
convention
states
that
any
“work
which, by its nature or the circumstances in which it is carried out, is likely to harm
the health, safety or morals of children” shall be considered as “worst form of child
labour” (ILO,
2012).
Mining industry is one of the industry that violates this convention.
2.2. CHILD
LABOUR
Child
labour
is
not
a
new
phenomenon.
From
the
time
of
the
industrial
revolution
children
have
worked
in
factories
in
Europe
and
America
(Basu,
1999).
It
is
now
in
the
modern
times
that
child
labour
is
more
visible
in
Asia
and
Africa(Dessy
&
Pallage,
2005).
Child
labour
is
basically
the
work
that
should
not
be
done
by
children
because
either
they
are
very
young
to
carry
out
that
kind
of
work
or
it
is
dangerous
for
them.
The
ILO
defines
child
labour
as
the
“work
that
deprives
children
of
their
childhood,
their
potential
and
their
dignity
and
that
is
harmful
to
physical
and
mental
development”(ILO,
2012).
6. ANALYTICAL
ESSAY
Anisha
Mandhana:
43654192
MGTS
7609-‐
CONTEMPORARY
EMPLOYMENT
RELATIONS
6
Anyone
below
the
age
of
18
is
termed
as
a
child
(ILO,
2012).
But
there
are
different
age
restrictions
for
different
jobs
(Appendix-‐figure
1).
Around
171
million
children
are
involved
in
hazardous
forms
of
labour
(UNICEF,
2015)
mostly
hidden
to
avoid
inspections.
Astonishingly,
every
one
child
in
seven
can
be
termed
as
a
child
labourer
(UN,
2010b).
The
sub-‐Saharan
African
region
has
approximately
65
million
child
workers(UN,
2010b).
Every
one
in
four
children
is
said
to
economically
active
in
sub-‐Saharan
Africa
(UN,
2010b)(Appendix-‐Figure
2).
Although
113
countries
have
endorsed
the
ILO
convention
the
number
continues
to
rise
(Huesca,
2013).
According
to
Baland
and
Robinson
(2000),
the
more
labour
performed
as
a
child,
the
lower
would
be
their
earning
potential
in
future.
Although
it
can
be
argued
that
a
5
year
old
is
definitely
young
to
do
hard-‐hitting
labour
but
the
same
cannot
be
said
for
a
14
year
old.
Thus,
the
issue
is
not
the
work
but
the
workplace,
which
is
usually
dangerous
for
children
(Boyden,
1991).
To
ensure
that
every
child
gets
an
opportunity
to
grow
and
prosper
the
“worst
forms
of
child
labour”
need
to
be
eliminated.
Now
the
question
arises
that
despite
such
grievous
consequences
why
is
child
labour
still
prevalent
in
the
mining
sector?
According
to
Lahiri-‐Dutt
(2008)
the
economic
conditions
of
the
family
is
one
of
the
main
reason
for
parents
pushing
children
into
labour.
Children
help
to
strengthen
the
family
income.
One
of
the
reasons
for
having
children
in
developing
countries
is
their
possible
contribution
to
the
family
income
(Siddiqi
&
Patrinos,
1995).
Lack
of
primary
education
and
training
to
avail
jobs
in
cities
makes
mining
an
attractive
occupation
for
locals
residing
around
a
mining
site
(Huesca,
2013).
Strong
cash
reserves
are
not
required
to
join
the
mining
industry.
What
is
required
is
a
pin
bar,
some
sacks
and
lot
of
energy
(Huesca,
2013).
In
Africa
specifically
child
labour
is
not
considered
‘bad’
intrinsically
but
assumed
to
be
a
‘way
of
life’
(Hilson,
2008).
Some
correlation
also
exists
between
child
labour
and
poverty
(Hilson,
2008)(Appendix-‐
Figure
3).
2.3. MINING
INDUSTRY
Mining
is
known
to
be
among
the
three
hazardous
occupations
along
with
agriculture
and
construction
(ILO,
2005).
Approximately
13
million
workers
work
in
mining
and
quarrying
activities
(ILO,
2005).
There
is
no
doubt
that
mining
is
a
perilous
occupation
7. ANALYTICAL
ESSAY
Anisha
Mandhana:
43654192
MGTS
7609-‐
CONTEMPORARY
EMPLOYMENT
RELATIONS
7
and
is
associated
with
significant
health
and
safety
hazards
especially
for
children.
Dangerous
work
conditions
in
the
mines
result
in
accidents
and
loss
of
human
life.
Moreover,
poisonous
substance
released
from
mining
equipment
cause
health
issues
to
population
in
the
surrounding
areas
(Fernández-‐Navarro
et
al.,
2012).
Small-‐scale
mining
and
quarrying
activities
are
usually
artisanal
and
labour-‐
intensive
(ILO,
2005).
Though
they
are
small
in
size
compared
to
large
mining
sites,
they
have
a
significant
contribution
to
the
nation’s
economy
(Hilson,
2010).
Artisanal
and
small-‐
scale
mining
(ASM)
is
not
well
known
but
high
amounts
of
minerals
are
extracted
from
these
sites(Huesca,
2013)and
around
20
million
people
are
dependent
on
this
type
of
mining
(Lahiri-‐Dutt,
2008).
Major
problem
related
to
ASM
is
that
their
located
in
remote
areas.
The
large
mines
consider
them
illegal.
Thus,
including
them
under
administrative
regulation
becomes
difficult
(ILO,
2005).
Artisanal
and
small-‐scale
mining
(ASM)
is
in
the
most
awful
state
in
sub-‐Saharan
Africa
with
high
HIV/AIDS
cases
being
reported
(Hilson,
2010).
The
area
has
long
been
known
as
the
place
with
highest
number
of
child
laborers
(Hilson,
2010).
South
African
mine
sites
face
critical
safety
issues.
Every
working
day
one
worker
dies
and
about
16
are
injured
on
these
sites
in
mine-‐related
accidents
(Leon,
2012).
3.ISSUE-‐
OUTLINE
“Children
go
deep
underground
in
tunnels
only
as
wide
as
their
bodies…
Children
haul
loads
of
coal
that
weigh
more
than
they
do….
Children
sit
for
long
hours
in
the
sun,
pounding
boulders
into
the
road
gravel…
Children
use
their
hands
to
work
gold
out
of
rocks
using
toxic
mercury…
Children
squat
the
whole
day
in
water,
sifting
through
sand
for
a
precious
gem…”
(ILO,
2015d)
8. ANALYTICAL
ESSAY
Anisha
Mandhana:
43654192
MGTS
7609-‐
CONTEMPORARY
EMPLOYMENT
RELATIONS
8
3.1.
CHILD
LABOUR
IN
MINING
INDUSTRY
Mining
is
extremely
hazardous
for
children.
Physical
harm
can
be
caused
as
it
involves
strenuous
work
of
carrying
heavy
metals,
machinery
and
equipment.
Children
are
exposed
to
extreme
heat
and
cold
in
the
rickety
underground
mining
sites.
There
is
a
constant
risk
of
injury
or
disease
or
even
death.
It
can
be
mentally
disturbing
since
mining
is
usually
done
in
isolated
areas
away
from
family
and
community
where
there
are
no
social
services
available.
An
average
child
labourer
engaged
in
small-‐scale
mining
is
a
child
aged
below
15
years
and
works
usually
above
ground
(ILO,
2005).
Children
perform
various
activities
in
the
production
line
of
ASM
in
different
countries
depending
on
the
type
of
extraction
and
mines.
They
are
required
to
clean
the
underground
ore
and
transport
the
subsequent
product
weighing
10-‐25
kgs.
They
drill
tunnels
in
the
mines
using
adult
size
hammers
and
chisels
as
well
remove
water
from
those
tunnels
in
underground
mining.
In
river
mining
they
assist
in
diving
for
sediments
and
sometimes
dive
themselves.
Children
crush
heavy
stones,
wash
and
amalgamate
gold,
pick
precious
stones
etc.
(ILO,
2005).
They
do
not
receive
direct
pay;
they
contribute
indirectly
to
family’s
income
(Baland
&
Robinson,
2000).
Such
children
are
likely
to
have
respiratory
and
skin
ailments
and
also
symptoms
of
mercury
poisoning
(Beegle
et
al.,
2009).
Most
of
these
are
rough
areas
where
children
may
also
face
drug
and
alcohol
abuse
or
may
be
forced
into
prostitution.
Interestingly,
an
important
reason
for
adopting
the
convention
against
child
labour
was
the
coal-‐dust
covered
blackened
face
of
children
working
in
mines
(ILO,
2015d).
Unfortunately,
even
after
100
years
not
much
has
changed.
Away
from
the
public
eye,
children
working
in
ASM’s
are
susceptible
to
array
of
physical
and
mental
hazards
that
are
not
usually
part
of
other
type
works.
There
is
no
rationale
to
justify
the
working
of
children
in
mining
and
quarrying
(ILO,
2005).
Following
are
few
characteristics
of
ASM
as
identified
by
ILO
(2005)
• Machines
are
not
economically
viable
as
the
minerals
deposits
are
very
small.
Children
are
employed
to
carry
out
physical
work,
as
they
are
only
one
who
can
fit
in
those
small
tunnels.
9. ANALYTICAL
ESSAY
Anisha
Mandhana:
43654192
MGTS
7609-‐
CONTEMPORARY
EMPLOYMENT
RELATIONS
9
• Lack
of
occupational
safety
and
healthcare.
• Low
recovery
from
small
sites,
which
forces
families
to
include
their
children
to
meet
both
ends.
Income
is
sometimes
as
less
as
1
US$
each
family
per
day.
• Periodic
nature
of
business
leads
to
family
migration,
which
harms
education
of
children.
• Lack
of
knowledge
relating
to
environmental
and
physical
hazards
of
mining
among
mine
workers.
• 2
categories-‐
mining
for
high
value,
minerals
like
gold
and
diamonds
and
mining
for
industrial
construction
materials.
3.2
PRESENT
SITUATION
Considerable
steps
have
been
taken
to
curb
child
labour.
Communities
internationally
have
recognized
child
labour
as
a
hindrance
to
the
achievement
of
children’s
rights
(UN,
2010a).
In
November
2006,
183
members
of
ILO
have
set
the
goal
to
eliminate
child
labour
by
2016
(UN,
2010a).
Supported
by
ILO
the
“International
Programme
on
the
Elimination
of
child
labour
(IPEC)”
was
set
up
in
1992(ILO,
2015b).
It
aims
to
take
steps
to
gradually
eliminate
child
labour
with
operations
in
188
countries(ILO,
2015b).
In
June
2005
World
Day
against
child
labour
was
themed
on
child
labour
in
mining
where
13
countries
and
global
organizations
pledged
to
eliminate
child
labour
(ILO,
2007).
The
supporters
of
IPEC
have
been
growing
globally
over
the
years.
Employers,
Governments,
NGO’s,
Media,
Universities
and
most
importantly
children
have
pledged
to
support
the
initiative
(ILO,
2015b)(Appendix-‐
Figure
4).
A
programme
called
“minors
out
of
Mining”
is
undertaken
to
remove
child
labour
from
ASM(ILO,
2007).
Though
at
a
slow
rate
child
labour
is
declining.
There
was
a
3%
decline
from
2004
to
2008
compared
to
10%
from
2000
to
2004
with
still
115
million
children
working
under
hazardous
conditions
(UN,
2010a).
The
problem
of
ASM’s
economic
viability
and
issues
have
been
identified
by
the
World
Bank,
UK
Department
for
International
Development
(DfID)
and
UN
and
over
the
past
15
years
millions
of
dollars
have
been
apportioned
to
provide
assistance
for
ASM’s
in
sub-‐
Saharan
Africa
(Hilson,
2008).
However,
not
much
has
been
achieved.
Emphasis
has
10. ANALYTICAL
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largely
been
on
solving
the
technical
problems
neglecting
the
labor,
economic
and
social
problems
in
African
ASM(Hilson,
2008).
4.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The
formalized
legal
mining
sector
does
not
have
the
issue
of
Child
labour
and
they
do
not
have
the
right
to
regulate
ASM’s
but
Large
MNC’s
can
contribute
in
their
own
specific
way
to
recover
the
reputation
of
the
whole
mining
industry
in
the
following
ways.
4.1LOCAL
LEVEL
In
coordination
with
regional
government
and
alliances
of
small-‐scale
miners,
large
organisations
can
ameliorate
health
and
safety
standards
in
small
mines.
a) Impart
training
to
adult
miners
for
using
technology
that
supports
mining
operations
that
would
reduce
threats
of
accidents
on
mine
sites.
b) Conduct
workshops
to
generate
awareness
about
the
ill-‐effects
of
poisonous
chemicals
and
elements
like
mercury
that
can
harm
both
children
and
adults.
Thus,
miners
would
take
precaution
when
dealing
with
them.
c) Help
to
improve
productivity
at
small-‐scale
mining
sites
and
guide
miners
to
enter
new
markets
to
sell
their
produce.
d) Participate
by
providing
funds
to
Governments
to
improve
education
and
training
facilities
for
children.
4.2
NATIONAL
LEVEL
As
a
company
with
prestige
and
economic
advantage
large
mines
can
help
at
a
national
level.
a) Collaborate
with
Central
Government
and
NGO’s
to
develop
and
execute
programmes
to
uplift
the
poor.
This
may
be
done
by
direct
funding
or
by
way
of
taxes
paid
to
the
Government.
b) Influence
Governments
to
focus
on
small-‐scale
mining
and
to
include
them
in
legal
regulations,
thus
making
child
labour
illegal
in
ASM’s.
c) Form
an
agency
including
representatives
of
other
large
Mine
companies
and
small
mines
and
workers
to
discuss
various
issues
and
coming
up
with
solutions
to
those
issues.
11. ANALYTICAL
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4.3INTERNATIONAL
LEVEL
With
offices
internationally
large
companies
can
discuss
about
the
realities
of
child
labour
with
companies
in
other
industries
as
well.
a) Companies
can
draw
interventions
to
tackle
the
problem
of
child
labour.
b) Invest
in
infrastructure
in
third
world
countries.
5.
CONCLUSION
Child
labour
in
small-‐scale
mining
and
ASM
as
a
whole
has
received
less
attention
in
literatures
till
now
(Hilson,
2008;
Huesca,
2013)
in
spite
of
it
being
a
grave
issue
that
needs
to
be
curbed.
Numerous
different
laws
have
been
introduced
and
projects
have
been
adopted
to
eliminate
child
labour.
But
child
labour
in
mining
has
been
neglected
probably
because
there
are
less
number
of
children
occupied
in
this
form
of
labour.
However,
its
hazardous
nature
demands
attention
and
this
kind
of
exploitation
needs
to
be
stopped.
Just
banning
the
“worst
forms
of
child
labour”
won’t
help
because
there
are
chances
of
mixing
child
labour
as
choice
and
as
slavery
(Dessy
&
Pallage,
2005).
Thus,
constant
efforts
are
required
to
eradicate
child
labour
from
its
roots.
We
have
laws
and
commitments,
what
is
now
required
is
execution
of
these
laws.
Large
companies
have
the
power
to
battle
for
social
causes.
They
can
promote
socially
conscious
behavior.
The
few
accomplishments
gives
hope
that
child
labour
can
be
eliminated.
It
requires
more
awareness
and
commintment.
Without
full
support
of
large
MNC’s
addressing
the
issue
will
be
difficult.
It
is
imperative
that
more
data
be
collected
relating
to
ASM’s
so
that
it
helps
in
devicing
policies
to
deal
particularly
with
child
labour
in
small-‐scale
mining.
12. ANALYTICAL
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J.
A.
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