By Anila Haleem from the Department of physics

1. CARNOT ENGINE
AND THEOREM
NAME: ANILA HALEEM
GROUP: 3rd
DEPARTMENT: PHYSICS
SEMESTER: 3rd

2. OUTLINES:
● CARNOT ENGINE
● CARNOT CYCLE
● CALCULATION OF EFFICIENCY
● CARNOT THEOREM

3. HISTORY:
● Proposed by Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot in 1824
● He was a French Engineer
● Founder of the science of thermodynamics
● First one to recognize the relationship between work and heat

4. INTRODUCTION:
● The most powerful and efficient heat cycle consisting of two isothermal and
two adiabatic processes
● Carnot engine is an ideal heat engine whose efficiency is maximum
● In carnot engine, carnot cycle is used
● It is free from all the dissipative forces

5. CONSIDERATION:
1. A cylinder having a conducting base only
2. Two expansions and two compressions
3. Calculation of efficiency

6. CARNOT CYCLE:
It consist of four processes
1. ISOTHERMAL EXPANSION:
● Allowed to expand isothermally, at temperature T1
● Absorbing heat Q1 from Hot Reservoir.(curve AB)
● The volume increases but pressure decreases

8. CONTI:
2. ADIABATIC EXPANSION:
● Allowed to expand adiabatically until temperature drops to T2 ( curve BC)
● The volume increase and pressure decreases

10. CONTI:
3. ISOTHERMAL COMPRESSION:
● Compressed isothermally at T2, rejecting heat Q2 to cold reservoir (curve
CD)
● The volume decreases and pressure increases

12. CONTI:
4. ADIABATIC COMPRESSION:
Finally the gas is compressed Adiabatically to restore the initial temperature
(curve DA)

14. CALCULATION OF EFFICIENCY:
● During one cycle, Carnot heat engine performs a net amount of work delW
● The net amount of heat absorbed by the engine in one cycle is Q1-Q2
● Where Q1 is the heat absorbed during the isothermal expansion
● Where Q2 is the heat rejected during the isothermal compression
● Thermal efficiency is given by:
Efficiency=output/input

16. CARNOT THEOREM:
● No real engine can be more efficient than a Carnot Engine operating
between same two reservoirs
● All Carnot Engines operating between reservoirs at the same temperature
have the same efficiency