Lecture 1 - Copy.pptx

1. EN 672: Energy Storage Systems
Instructor: Dr. Ranjith Thangavel
School of Energy Science and Engineering, IITG

2. Introduction to Energy Storage: Relevance and scenario. Perspective on development of Energy storage systems.
Energy storage criteria, General concepts. Conventional batteries – fundamentals and applications. Grid connected
and Off grid energy storage systems and requirements.
Thermal storage: Thermal properties of materials, Principle of operations, Efficiency factors, large scale and
Medium scale operations, Pros and Cons. Advances in thermal storage.
Mechanical Storage: Types of systems, Principle of operations, Emerging advances and Technologies. case study :
Flywheel
Electrochemical Storage: Materials, Principle of Operation, Challenges and research survey, Positive electrode
materials, negative electrode materials, electrolytes.
Fuel Cells and Hydrogen storage: Principle of operation, challenges and Case studies
Magnetic storage: Principle of operation, emerging challenges, devices and technology review
Electro-optic and Optical storage: Principles of operation, device fabrication, emerging devices and upcoming
technologies
Supercapacitors: Principle of operation, device fabrication, challenges and technical review
Syllabus

3. Objectives
To enable the students to gain the knowledge of principle
and applications of energy storage
Upon completion of this course, the students would know concepts on
designing of batteries, fuel cells, and H2 storage.
To make you familiar with emerging areas of research on
energy storage systems

4. Text books
1.Energy Storage 2010th Edition by Robert Huggins
(Author)
2.Handbook of Batteries Book by David Linden and
Thomas Reddy, McGraw Hills

5. Need for Energy storage
 Globally, human has consumed 575 Quads (or, 575 × 1015 Btu, or 606.7 ×
1018 J) of energy in 2015
 The demand is expected to grow by 28% to 736 Quads (or, 736 × 1015 Btu, or
776.5 × 1018 J) in 2040.
 Fossil fuel will have major share
 Currently, coal's share in power generation in the US
is over 35%, while it exceeds 70% in India and China.
 CO2 emissions a major issue.
Fig. Global installed capacities of major power generation technologies, DOE USA

6. Need for Energy storage
Energy and transport sector contributes more than 50% of total CO2 emissions.
India and China are major CO2 emitters.

7. New policies – 2015 Paris Summit
Adapted by 196 countries
5% reduction in greenhouse gases by 2050
Limit global warming by 1.5 - 2 oC
 Technologies for zero emissions, low-
carbon solutions, and carbon capture.
Achieve carbon neutrality by 2050

8. Move to renewables (solar, wind, hydro)
New policies – 2015 Paris Summit
Emission free vehicles (EVs, fuel cell)
Low carbon techniques, carbon capture
Develop smart grids and ESS system

9. India’s vision on carbon neutrality
Niti Aayog, National Mission on Mobility and Ministry of Renewable Energy
Achieve carbon neutrality by 2070
Take renewable energy’s share beyond 50% by 2040.
Convert all IC engine car’s by EVs and Fuel cell by earnest.

10. Renewable energy issues
 Highly Intermittent
 Mismatch between supply and demand
 High supply during less demand
 Less supply during high demand

11. Supply demand : example
Daily supply and demand with storage of renewable energy, Minnesota, USA
Energy produced from Wind farm in Canada
 Non-linear energy production
 Changes with hour, days, month, year…..
 Energy storage is the solution

12. ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
MECHANICAL
• Pumped hydro
• Compressed air
• Liquid air
• Flywheel
• Gravity
CHEMICAL
• Conventional batteries
• High-temperature
batteries
• Flow batteries
• Metal-air batteries
• Fuel cell batteries
Electrical
• Superconducting
magnetic
• Supercapacitors
• Other capacitors
THERMAL
• Pumped thermal
• Hot/cold thermal
• Sensible/latent/reaction heat
• Cryogenic
• Molten salt
• Underground(aquifer)
Excess electrical energy produced is converted to other form for storage.
The stored electrical energy is converted back to electric energy during demand.
Electricity Storable intermediary energy Electricity

13. Need for Energy storage system
Energy storage systems are used in four categories :
1. Low-power application in isolated areas, essentially to feed transducers and emergency terminals.
2. Medium-power application in isolated areas (individual electrical systems, town supply).
3. Network connection application with peak leveling.
4. Power-quality control applications.

14. Current status of energy storage
Fig. Global total operational ESTs projects
 Pumped Hydro takes >90% share – matured technology
 Batteries takes >90% share – emerging technology

15. Technical maturity & research
opportunities
1. Mature technologies: PHS and
lead-acid battery are mature and
have been used for over 100 years
2. Developed technologies: Li-ion,
Flow Batteries, SMES, flywheel,
capacitor, supercapacitor, Thermal
energy storage
3. Developing technologies: Fuel
cell, Meta-Air battery, Solar Fuel
and Cryogenic Energy Storage are
still under development

16. Pumped Hydro storage
Principle : During periods when demand is low, these stations use
excess electricity to pump the water from the lower reservoir to the
upper reservoir. When demand is very high, the water flows out of
the upper reservoir and activates the turbines to generate high-value
electricity for peak hours
Conversion efficiency : 65–80%, depending on equipment
characteristics
Parameters: the height of the waterfall and the volume of water.
A mass of 1 ton falling 100 m generates 0.272 kWh.
Shortcomings: site requirements with different water elevation
Water volume needed at a given height to store 6MWh

17. Global capacity is over 180 GW.
India : Pumped hydro is about 7 GW that consists
of nine plants.
Two projects of 1080 MW capacity are now under
construction (Tehri - 1000 MW and Koyna - 80
MW).
Also, four projects with cumulative capacity of 2600
MW (Kundah– 500 MW, Malshej Ghat- 700 MW,
Humbali- 400 MW, and Turga- 1000 MW) are under
planning stage.
Expensive than other chemical and mechanical
storage.
Pumped Hydro storage in India

18. Compressed air storage
•Excess energy will be utilized to compress air by compressor and
same compressed air will be utilized to produce electricity during
peak-hour.
•Compressed air energy storage is done in underground caverns and
abandoned mines.
•Huntorf, Germany with a power output of 320 MW and a storage
capacity of 580 MWh.
•McIntosh, Alabama, USA with a 110 MW output and 2860 MWh of
storage capacity

19. Electrochemical energy storage
 Batteries store energy chemically through electrochemical reactions
(red-ox) and produce electricity vice-versa.
 The presence of an anode, cathode, and electrolyte provides the
basis for storing energy and satisfying energy loads.
 There are a wide range of battery types, sizes, designs, operating
temperatures, control mechanisms, and chemistries.
 Beyond storing energy, all batteries are not created equal.
Type of anode, cathode, and electrolyte, ions used determines the capacity, voltage, energy density,
power density and other characteristics of the battery

20. 20

21. 21
Primary batteries : disposable batteries
Chemical energy -------------> electrical energy
(electrochemical reaction cannot be reversed)
Ex : drycell (Zinc – carbon battery)
Secondary batteries : rechargeable batteries
Chemical energy <-------------> electrical energy
can be reversed by applying a certain voltage to
the battery in the opposite direction (charging)
Ex : lead – acid battery
Battery types

22. 22
1

23. 23
Making electrons to flow outside the metals (electrodes) produces electricity
Oxidation
(loss e-)
Reduction
(gain e-)
1 2
Galvanic Cell ( Voltaic cell)
Chemical reactions make electrons move between atoms

24. 24
Making electricity to flow inside the metals (electrodes) to store electricity
3 4
No reaction
Non-spontaneous
ZnSO4
Applying electricity
makes reactions
Applying Electricity makes chemical reactions
3 4
+ -
Electrolytic cell

25. Faraday’s – First Law of Electrolysis
It is one of the primary laws of electrolysis. It states, during
electrolysis, the amount of chemical reaction which occurs at any
electrode under the influence of electrical energy is proportional to
the quantity of electricity passed through the electrolyte.
Faraday’s – Second Law of Electrolysis
Faraday’s second law of electrolysis states that if the same amount of
electricity is passed through different electrolytes, the masses of ions
deposited at the electrodes are directly proportional to their chemical
equivalents.

26. 26

28. 28
Zinc batteries

29. 29
Alkaline batteries

30. 30
Nickel – cadmium batteries
Specific energy 40–60 W·h/kg
Energy density 50–150 W·h/L
Specific power 150 W/kg
Charge/discharge
efficiency
70–90%
[1]
Self-discharge rate 10%/month
Cycle durability 2,000 cycles
Nominal cell
voltage
1.2 V

31. 31
Lead acid batteries

32. 32
Positive : Lithium ion containing
Transition metal oxide
Negative : graphite
Electrolyte : Li-ion containing organic
solvent
Li-ion batteries

33. AL
Current
Collector
Cu
Current
Collector
Electrolyte
LiMO2
Graphite
SEI SEI
Lithium-Ion Battery Charge
Co3+  Co4+
(Oxidation)

34. AL
Current
Collector
Cu
Current
Collector
Electrolyte
LiMO2
Graphite
SEI SEI
Lithium-Ion Battery Discharge
Co4+  Co3+
(reduction)

35. 35
 Whittingham at the Exxon Company showed that lithium can de/intercalate from/into LixTiS2.
 John Goodenough found that a cobalt oxide analogue of LixTiS2, namely LixCoO2, qualified
as a good cathode material.
 Yoshino at Asahi Kasei Corporation, Japan, showed that petroleum coke (graphite) can store
large amounts of lithium ions could from LixCoO2 and demonstrated a full Li-ion battery.
Sony first commercialized LIBs in 1990s

36. 36

37. 37
3 Li-ion battery technology
Galaxy S2
3.7 V, 1650 mAh
Galaxy S10
3.85 V, 3000 mAh
M20s
3.85 V 5000 mAh
Evolution with different materials in anode and cathode.
Double/triple capacity, but size remains similar.

38. 38
38
24 kWh 50 Wh
3 Modern Li-ion technology

39. 39
39
3 Modern Li-ion technology

40. 40
Organic electrolytes make LIBs a superior candidate

42. 42

43. 43
Performance metrics of LIBs depends on potential of each electrode

48. Particle & atomic scale issue
No
grain boundary
Ni rich Single crystalline cathodes
can drive EVs for 1 million mile
(Tesla’s future idea)
Mechanically
stable
Stable SEI No cracks
Nat. Commun, 2020, 11, 3050, Nickel Institute
LiCoO2
LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2Mn0.2O2
Precursor : Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2Mn0.2(OH)2
Co-precipitation approach
Solid state
Polycrystalline nature of Ni rich cathode

49. Single crystal LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2
J. Electrochem. Soc., 164 (14) A3529-A3537 (2017)

50. J. Electrochem. Soc., 164 (7) A1534-A1544 (2017)
Low gas evolution, and improved thermal stability for Single crystal NCMs
than polycrystalline, and Al2O3 coated polycrystalline NCMs.
Li-ion full-cell : NMC//graphite

51. J. Electrochem. Soc., 166 (13) A3031-A3044 (2019)
Single crystal NCMs can drive EVs for 1 million mile

52. Thermal stability

53. Olivine – LiFePO4

54. Carbon coating

55. Nanosizing

56. Charge - discharge

57. Two phase reaction

58. Single phase reaction – Layered oxid

59. Multielectron - Polyanions

60. Li3V2(PO4)3

63. Spinel – LiMn2O4
Jahn – teller distortion

64. Acid etching

65. Additional parameters :
 Operating temperature : -40oC to 60oC
 Fast charging ability

66. Anode materials

67. Intercalation materials

68. Li-ion storage Graphite