This document discusses 12 factor application principles for building microservices and outlines best practices for microservice architecture. It covers 12 factors like codebase, dependencies, configuration, backing services, port binding, concurrency, disposability, and others. It also discusses microservice principles like componentization, decentralization, treating services as products not projects, and infrastructure automation. The document provides examples of how to structure user signup as independent microservices that communicate asynchronously through events.

1. Compute Evolved Week
Building Microservices with the
12 Factor App Pattern on AWS
Nathan Peck
Developer Advocate, Container Services

2. 12 Factor App
Principles
Microservice
Principles
Great, Scalable
Architecture
+ =

3. 12 Factor Application:
Codebase

4. Code

5. Code Version Control

6. Code Deployed VersionVersion Control

7. Staging / QA
Production
Dev #1
Dev #2

8. 12 Factor Application:
Dependencies

9. Dependencies
Binaries
Code Application
Bundle

10. Dependency Declaration: Node.js
package.json
npm install

11. Dependency Declaration: Python
requirements.txt
pip install

12. Dependency Declaration: Ruby
Gemfile
bundle install

13. Dependency Isolation
Never depend on the host to
have your dependency.
Application deployments
should carry all their
dependencies with them.

14. Dependencies
Binaries
Code

15. Dependency Declaration & Isolation: Docker
docker build
Dockerfile

16. Development
Production
docker run

17. 12 Factor Application:
Config

18. Development
Configuration
Production
Configuration
Development
Production

19. Development
Configuration
Production
Configuration
Development
Production
ANTIPATTERN

20. Development
Production
Same container deployed to both environments.
Configuration is part of the environment on the host.

21. At runtime the container gets config from the environment.

22. Application code pulls from the environment
Environment is customized when docker runs a container

23. 12 Factor Application:
Backing Services

24. AWS S3
PostgreSQLapp1
Host
app2 3rd party service
Treat local services just like
remote third party ones

25. PostgreSQLapp1
app2
postgres.mycompany.com
app2.mycompany.com Load balancer
Use CNAMES for maximum
flexibility and reconfigurability

26. 12 Factor Application:
Build, Release, Run

27. Dependencies
Binaries
Code
Build

28. Release
Config
+ =
Release
Build Artifact

29. Amazon Elastic Container Service
Config

30. Task Definition
Release v1.0.0
Run
Task Definition
Release v1.0.1

31. 12 Factor Application:
Stateless Processes

32. Stateful container stores state in local disk or local memory.
Workload ends up tied to a specific host that has state data.

33. Stateful container stores state in local disk or local memory.
Workload ends up tied to a specific host that has state data.
ANTIPATTERN

34. Database
Durable store of truth.
MySQL, PostgreSQL,
MongoDB, DynamoDB
Cache
Fast, temporary
state store.
redis, memcached

36. 12 Factor Application:
Port Binding

37. Port 32456
Port 32457
Port 32458

39. 12 Factor Application:
Concurrency

40. WebAPI Worker

41. Worker
Web
API

42. Hosts
Processes

43. Hosts
Processes

44. Large Host = More
Concurrent Processes
Small Host =
Fewer Concurrent
Processes

45. 12 Factor Application:
Disposability

46. Responsive
Graceful
ShutdownFast Launch

47. Fast Launch
Minimize the startup time of processes:
- Scale up faster in response to spikes
- Ability to move processes to another host as needed
- Replace crashed processes faster

48. Responsive, Graceful Shutdown
Should respond to SIGTERM by shutting down gracefully

49. 12 Factor Application:
Dev/Prod Parity

50. Staging / QA
Production
Dev #1
Dev #2

51. Staging / QA
Production
Dev #1
Dev #2
Local Application Remote

52. 12 Factor Application:
Logs

53. Treat logs as an event stream,
and keep the logic for routing
and processing logs separate
from the application itself.

54. Logging Library
Application Code
Process

55. Logging Library
Application Code
Process
Some logs get lost
if they haven’t
fully flushed

56. Logging Library
Application Code
Process
Some logs get lost
if they haven’t
fully flushed
ANTIPATTERN

57. Processes
Logging Agent
Application Code
Logs go to an
agent which
handles exporting
them off the host

58. Processes
Logging Agent
Application Code
Logs still reach
agent, and still
make it into ELK
stack

59. Containerized code writes to stdout
Docker connects container’s stdout to
a log driver

60. 12 Factor Application:
Admin Processes

61. Admin / management processes are
inevitable:
- Migrate database
- Repair some broken data
- Once a week move database
records older than X to cold
storage
- Every day email a report to this
person

62. Run admin processes
just like other
processes.

63. Microservices:
Componentization

65. Each component is a 12 factor application.
Fast Launch
Dependencies Configuration Port BindingCodebase
ConcurrentGraceful stop Log stream
Stateless

66. Microservices:
Organized around capabilities

67. Identify the capabilities of the platform

68. Each major capability of the platform becomes a
component that is its own 12 factor app

69. Microservices:
Decentralized Governance

73. Microservices:
Products Not Projects

74. Products grow over time

75. Microservices are an
ecosystem of connected
products that can be at
different stages of growth

76. Don’t create throwaway microservices that become
unmaintained and break the ecosystem.

77. Microservices:
Smart endpoints, Dumb pipes

78. Central bus for communication
Bottlenecks performance and
feature development

79. Central bus for communication
Bottlenecks performance and
feature development

80. Decentralization

81. Example: User Signup
Signup API
HTTP
User Metadata
Service
Password
Service
Email Verification
Service
Friend Discovery
Service
Asynchronous
Broadcast

82. Event Producers SubscriptionsEvent Topics Queues Event Consumers

83. Amazon Managed Service for Microservice Communication

84. Microservices:
Infrastructure Automation

85. Automate the container build process:
Jenkins
AWS CodeBuild

86. Automate the provisioning of the
servers that host microservice
containers:
Terraform, Ansible,
Amazon CloudFormation
Automate the placement of
containerized service processes onto
hosts:
Amazon Elastic Container Service,
Kubernetes, Docker Swarm

87. Developers Version Control Repository
Test & Deployment
Manager
Image Build Service
Infrastructure Provisioning
Container Scheduling &
Orchestration
Container Image Repository

88. Developers AWS CodeCommit
AWS CodePipeline
AWS CodeBuild
AWS CloudFormation
Amazon ECS
Amazon ECR

89. Developers Github Jenkins
Terraform
Container Scheduling &
Orchestration with
Kubernetes
Container Image Repository

90. Summary

91. 12 factor application principles
Fast Launch
Dependencies Configuration Port BindingCodebase
ConcurrentGraceful stop Log stream
Stateless

92. Microservice principles
Automation Componentization Product Focused
Decentralization

93. Thank you!
peckn@amazon.com
nathankpeck
nathanpeck