Diabetes Mellitus

1. Swami Ramanand Teerth
Marathwada University Nanded
Name:- Munde Amar Ramesh
Class:-Msc Zoology III-sEM
Seminar topic:- diabetes mellitus

2. Diabetes Mellitus
• Diabetes is a condition in which
our body cell fails to utilize the
sugar from circulating blood and
thus it is not available for the use
by cells and hence the level of
sugar (Glucose) increase in blood
and this is called blood sugar .
• Diabetes mellitus (DM), is a group of
metabolic diseases in which there are
high blood sugar levels over a
prolonged period.

3. Insulin
• A Hormone produced by the pancreas (beta
cell or islet of Langerhans) control the level
of glucose in the blood by regulating the
production and storage of glucose.
• Insulin is released when you have just eaten
a meal and the level of glucose in your
bloodstream is high.
• It work by stimulating the uptake of glucose
into cells, Lowering your blood sugar
level.your liver and muscle can take up
glucose either for immediate energy or to
be stored as a glycogen until its needed.

5. Types of Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1
• Insulin dependent or juvenile
onset
• Insulin dependent = a person is
dependent on external insulin to
metabolize the glucose of his/her
body to make the level of
glucose normal .

6. • The main cause of this type of diabetes is autoimmunity, when
antibody of our body destroy Beta cell by confusion, this result in
type 1 diabetes.
• In this type of diabetes there is destruction of Beta cell in
pancreatic islet. As insulin is secreted from Beta cell of pancreas, it
is logical that there will be no more secretion of insulin if this beta
cell get destroyed due to any reason, so that particular person will
have to arrange the insulin from any external sources, here oral
hypoglycaemic drugs will not work because there is insensitivity of
Beta cell for that drug as they are destructed.

7. Type 2
• Noninsulin dependent
• maturity onset diabetes mellitus
• In this type person is not dependent on external source of
insulin to control his/her blood glucose level , although there is
either low level of insulin in his blood or there is any type of
resistance in insulin receptor, that’s why the glucose is not
properly metabolized and then he has to take such medicine
which will either increase the secretion of insulin or will reduce
the resistance in insulin binding with its respective receptors.

8. • This type of diabetes have very powerful chances to carry
forward to the next generation or may show family history
episode. this type of diabetes.
• About 90% of the people have this type of diabetes

9. 1Polyphagia-
Feeling of
excessive hunger
2. Polydipsia-
Excessive thrust
3. Polyurea-
Excessive urine
excretion

10. Gestational diabetes
• Gestational diabetes is a condition in which your blood sugar
levels become high during pregnancy.
• Gestational diabetes usually appears during the middle of
middle of pregnancy, between 24 and 28 weeks.
• Gestational diabetes goes away after you give birth. But it can
But it can affect your baby’s health, and it raises your risk of
your risk of getting type 2 diabetes later in life
• Gestational diabetes comes from hormonal changes, and the
changes, and the way our bodies convert food into energy.

11. Diabetes Complications
• High blood sugar damages organs and tissues throughout your body. The higher
your blood sugar is and the longer you live with it, the greater your risk for
complications.
• Complications associated with diabetes include:
• heart disease, heart attack, and stroke
• neuropathy
• nephropathy
• retinopathy and vision loss
• hearing loss
• foot damage, such as infections and sores that don’t heal
• skin conditions, such as bacterial and fungal infections
• depression
• dementia

12. Treatment of diabetes...
• Type 1 diabetes
• Insulin is the main treatment for type 1 diabetes. It replaces the hormone your body isn’t
able to produce.
• Various types of insulin are commonly used by people with type 1 diabetes. They differ in
how quickly they start to work and how long their effects last:
• Rapid-acting insulin: starts to work within 15 minutes and its effects last for 2 to 4 hours
• Short-acting insulin: starts to work within 30 minutes and lasts 3 to 6 hours
• Intermediate-acting insulin: starts to work within 2 to 4 hours and lasts 12 to 18 hours
• Long-acting insulin: starts to work 2 hours after injection and lasts up to 24 hours
• Ultra-long acting insulin: starts to work 6 hours after injection and lasts 36 hours or more
• Premixed insulin: starts working within 5 to 60 minutes and lasts 10 to 16 hours

13. Type 2 diabetes
Diet and exercise can help some people manage type 2
diabetes. If lifestyle changes aren’t enough to lower your blood
sugar, you’ll need to take medication.

14. Thank you