Business introduction to entrepreneurship

1. Introduction to Entrepreneurship
Backgroundof study
Entrepreneurshipisall aboutcreationof a new business.Itfurtherdealswithgenerationof new
ideas,organizationaswell ashandsonactionthat are likelytohave manyeffects.Entrepreneurship
isveryimportantto nationsas ithelpsingenerationof manyemploymentopportunitiesanalso
contributestowardsresearchanddevelopmentprocesses(EntrepreneurshipinDeveloping
Countries,2013). It furtherhelpsinprovisionof self-sufficiencyandwealthforthe entire nationsand
individuals.Thishasbeentrue fordevelopednationsuptill now.Butinthe presenttimes,same
trendisbeingobservedinemergingeconomies.
In recenttimes,there hasbeenemergence of entrepreneurial culture inthe Middle Eastregion.It
has beenonaccount of Arab uprisingsthathave createda new formof entrepreneurial spiritinthe
Middle Eastregion(Importance of EntrepreneurshipinDevelopingCountry,2013).Thisis
particularlytrue incase of youngerentrepreneurswhoare emboldenedforstartingupsmall
mediumsizedenterprises.There have beenasurprisingnumberof youngtalentsthathave started
theirowntechnologycompaniesandotherkindsof businessventures.
Researchproblem
The presentstudywill trytohandle variedissuesthatare presentinthe areaof Entrepreneurship.
There ispresence of unclearconceptof EntrepreneurshipOrientationaswell asinternational
EntrepreneurshipOrientation(Lingelbach,ViñaandAsel,2013).Discussionsare requiredtobe
carriedout as to whetherIEOshouldbe seenasan individual orfirmlevel construct.Inthe similar
manner,there isa huge lack of applyingInstitutionaltheoryinthe areaof entrepreneurship.The
applicationhasmajorlybeenondevelopednations.But,thisisnottrue for developingnations,for
example,Middle Eastwhere institutional factorshave atendencytohave a profoundimpacton
shapingentrepreneurial orientation(Kaynak,TatogluandKula,2005). The paststudiesdone inthe

2. area have majorlyfocusedondevelopednations.One suchstudyhasbeenwrittenbyArabaugh,Cox
and Camp,2009 that signifiesthe EOconstructin NorthAmerica(Arabaugh,Cox andCamp,2009).
Anotherstudyhasbeencarriedoutby Hassimand et.al.,fromMalaysianperspectives(Hassimand
et.al.,2009).
Researchobjectives
As perthe formulatedresearchquestion,therehasbeenapreparationof manyobjectivesthatare
as follows;
 To understandthe meaningof IEOfromthe Middle Easterncontext.
 To examine the impactof institutionsinshapingIEO –middleeasternperspective.
Literature Review
Entrepreneurial orientation(EO)
The term Entrepreneurial orientation canbe consideredasa multidimensional constructwhichis
appliedatorganizational level.EOhasbeenregardedasone of the central componentsof
entrepreneurshipandcarryingoutof a thoroughstrategicresearch.Itcharacterizesthe
entrepreneurialbehaviourof the firmwhichisinclusive of dimensionsrelatedtorisk-takingattitude,
tendencytoinnovate aswell aspro-activeness(Autio,2005). It isthusa setof processes,actions,
methodsaswell asdecisionmakingstylesthatare undertakenbya firm.The traditional viewon
entrepreneurshiphasgivenadue emphasisoncontentincomparisontoprocess(De Clercq,Hessels
and vanStel,2008). On the otherhand,EO has focussedonprocessesandstrategydevelopment
style withinanexistingbusiness.
Effectuationtheory

3. The focus of thistheoryhas beenonthe abilityof entrepreneurs'tocreate opportunitiesalongwith
networkpartnersinorderto understandthe developmentsmade inglobal firms.Thistheoryholdsa
promisingideatowardsdevelopmentof internationalentrepreneurshiparea.The focusof
effectuationtheoryhasmajorlybeenonusing evolvingmeansinordertoachieve new goals.The
processof Effectuationthushasan abilitytoevoke transformative tactics(Effectuation,2012).
The networktheory
Thisapproach viewsthe marketexchange whichhappensdue tointeractionbetweenmarketactors.
The marketsare thusregardedas systemof social andbusinessrelationsthatisfoundamongst
customers,supplieraswell ascompetitors.Inthisregard,the small andmediumenterprisesaswell
as buddingentrepreneursheavilyrelyonnetwork relationsduringinternationalizationof activities
(Foss,2011). These maythusassistinunderstandingthe knowledgeandexperience thatislikelyto
be gainedbyenterprisesinforeignmarkets
Resource based view
Thistheoryisall aboutthe mannerinwhichcompetitive advantageare generatedbyfirmfrom
unique setof resources.Resource basedview incontextof entrepreneurshiporientationisall about
recognizingthe prevailingopportunitiesandopportunity-seekingbehaviourasa majorform of
resource.The conceptalsotreatsthe overall processof combinationandorganizationasaresource.
Dynamic capability
The researchcarriedout by Jantunenandet.al.,2005 has clearlyrevealedthatentrepreneurial
orientationof afirmas well asreconfiguring of existingcapabilitieshasanoverall impacton
performance of a companyoninternational level.Thisfurtherprovidesforanempirical supportto
dynamiccapabilitiesof afirm.Inthisregard, if entrepreneurial behaviourandorganizational
capabilitiesare utilizedinapropermannerthenthere can be generationof acompetitive
advantage.

4. Organizational ecologytheory
The giventheoryisall aboutexamininghow the populationof anyfirmchangesanddevelopswith
time bymovingthroughstagesof foundation,growth,alteration,decline followedbydeath.The
theoryhas furtheraddressedthe forcesof sociopolitical andeconomicsystemsthatincrease
diversityof anyfirm(DoumaandSchreuder,2013).
Methodology
The givensectionisall aboutundertakingathoroughdiscussiontowardsthe researchmethods,
toolsand techniquesthatare useful tocarryout a researchstudy.The areas are as follows;
 ResearchType – The researchtype utilizedinpresentscenariohappenstobe qualitative to
provide fora precise discussionaboutideasregardingrole playedbyinstitutionstoshape
International EntrepreneurshipOrientation(IEO) inthe Middle East.
 ResearchDesign – The chosenresearchdesignisexploratoryforexploringthe meaningof
IEO fromthe Middle Easterncontextaswell asassessingthe impactof institutionstoshape
International EntrepreneurshipOrientationasperMiddle Easternperspective.
 Researchphilosophy –There has beenaselectionof interpretevismphilosophiestoexplore
the meaningof IEO inMiddle Easterncontext.The selectionisaptas data collectionhas
beendone byusingsecondaryliteraturesources(Chilisa,2011).Hence,there can be a
presence of contradictoryviewsthathave beenpresentedbyauthors.
 Researchapproach – There has beenachoice of deductive researchapproachtomove from
generalizedresearchstudyonInternational EntrepreneurshipOrientationtothe one thatis
focusedonMiddle East.

5.  Data collection –In orderto collectfacts,figuresandviewpoints,there hasbeenausage of
secondarysourcesof data. Primarydatahas not beenincludedasdifficultiesare likelytobe
encounteredwhile obtaininginformationintermsof Middle East.Hence,the secondarydata
sourceshave beeninformof journal articles,online works,bookswrittenbyvariousauthors
inthe areaof International Entrepreneurship(Ethridge,2004).
 Data Analysis –Data analysiswill be aidedbyuse of thematicstudywhere resultswillbe
presentedinformof themes..
References
Arabaugh,J.B., Cox,L. W., andCamp, S.M., 2009. Is EntrepreneurialOrientationaGlobal
Construct?A Multi-CountryStudyof Entrepreneurial Orientation,GrowthStrategy,and
Performance.The Journal of BusinessInquiry.8(1).Pp.12–25.
Autio,E.,2005. Creative Tension:The Significance of BenOviatt'sandPatriciaMcDougall'sArticle,
Toward a Theoryof International NewVentures.Journalof International BusinessStudies.36(1).Pp.
9-19.
Bagherinejad,J.,2006. Cultivatingtechnological innovationsinMiddleEasterncountries:Factors
affectingfirms’technological innovationbehaviourinIran.CrossCultural Management:An
International Journal.13(4).pp.361 – 380.
Brush,C., 2013. InternationalEntrepreneurship.Routledge.
Carsrud,L. A., andBrännback,M., 2009. Understandingthe EntrepreneurialMind:Openingthe Black
Box.Springer.
Chilisa,B.,2011. IndigenousResearchMethodologies.USA:SAGE.