"Grammatical signals" refer to the various cues or indicators in language that help us understand its structure and meaning. These include: Word order: The arrangement of words in a sentence can provide important information about the relationships between different parts of the sentence. Punctuation: The use of punctuation marks such as commas, periods, and semicolons can help clarify the meaning of a sentence and indicate pauses or breaks in speech. Verb tense: The tense of a verb can indicate when an action took place, whether it is ongoing or completed, and other aspects of time. Subject-verb agreement: The agreement between the subject and verb in a sentence is important for ensuring that the sentence is grammatically correct. Pronouns: Pronouns such as he, she, and they can indicate the gender or number of the subject and object of a sentence. Articles: The use of articles such as a, an, and the can indicate whether a noun is definite or indefinite. Conjunctions: Conjunctions such as and, but, and or can connect different parts of a sentence and indicate relationships between ideas. These are just a few examples of the many grammatical signals that are used in language. By paying attention to these signals, we can better understand the structure and meaning of the language we use and hear every day.

1. Grammatical
Signals

3. Pattern of idea development
Pattern of idea development refers to the strategy a writer uses to show how an
idea flows from sentence to sentence, paragraph to paragraph. Coherence in
writing is the term used to refer to ideas in sentences and paragraphs that are
connected and flow together smoothly. Coherence is important in idea
development because it inhibits the reader's ability to understand the ideas and
main points of a certain text. To achieve this, appropriate grammatical signals are
used to show relationship between ideas in sentences and paragraphs

4. Grammatical Signals
Grammatical signals are writing
devices that serve to maintain
text coherence. As mentioned
earlier, coherence allows a
reader to understand a text
more because the ideas flow
together smoothly

5. Look at the following sentences:
I love drinking coffee. It keeps me awake at night.
These sentences imply that the writer loves drinking coffee because
it keeps her awake at night. To add more specificity, the signal word
(because"can be used. To change the relationship between the
sentences, other transition words can be used. Transitions (or signal
words)are words and phrases that show the connection between ideas.

6. Look at the following sentences:
I love drinking coffee even though it keeps me awake at
night.
Now the writer loves coffee in spite of it keeping her
awake at night. The relationship between the
sentences' ideas has changed. A transition has
smoothed the way from one idea to the other.

7. General to Specific
As the name suggests, this pattern is characterized by a movement in
your thinking from a generalization to specific details. Your opening
paragraph would begin with a general statement and then add details
that explain it. The details may become increasingly more specific.
The pattern ends with a broad statement that summarizes your
thinking that resulted from the details.

8. Example of a General-to-Specific Pattern
Writing is a complex socio-cognitive process involving the construction of
recorded messages on paper or on some other material, and, more recently,
on a computer screen. The skills needed to write range from making the
appropriate graphic marks, through utilizing the resources of the chosen
language, to anticipating the reactions of the intended readers. The first
skill area involves acquiring a writing system, which may be alphabetic (as in
European languages)or nonalphabetic (as in many Asian languages).

9. Example of a General-to-Specific Pattern
he second skill area requires selecting the appropriate grammar and
vocabulary to form acceptable sentences and then arranging them in
paragraphs. Third, writing involves thinking about the purpose of the text to
be composed and about its possible effects on the intended readership. One
important aspect of this last feature is the choice of a suitable style. Because
of these characteristics, writing is not an innate natural ability like speaking
but has to be acquired through years of training or schooling (Swales &Feak,
1994, p. 34).

10. Addition Words
The following are more grammatical signals and
expressions to indicate a general-to-specific pattern:
Addition words tell you that the writer's thought is
going to continue in the same direction. He is going to
add on more points or details of the same kind. Addition
words are typically used to signal enumeration. Look
over some addition words.

11. • Also
• First
• Another
• First of all
• Furtermore in
addition
• Last of all
• Likewise
• And second
• Finally
• For one thing
• Moreover next
• The third
reason
Addition Words

12. Illustration Words
Illustration words tell you that an example or
illustration will be given to make an idea clear. Such
words are typically used in textbooks that present a
number of definitions and examples of those
definitions. Look over the following illustration words.

13. • For example
• To illustrate
• specifically
• Once
• For instance
• Such as
Illustration Words

14. Any question ?

15. Any question ?

16. Quiz
1. I went to the store to buy some groceries. Also, I
picked up some flowers for my mom's birthday.
2.I have already packed my bags for the trip, but
furthermore, in addition to my clothes, I am also
bringing my camera and a good book to read on the
plane.
3.First of all, I want to thank everyone for coming to my
birthday party.

17. Quiz
4.- 7.
First, I need to finish my work, and second, I need
to send the report to my boss. The third reason I
am staying late is that I want to make sure
everything is perfect for tomorrow's presentation.
Finally, I can go home and rest after a long day at
the office.

18. Quiz
8-10.
Once you learn how to ride a bike, you never
forget. For instance, I haven't ridden a bike in
years, but I'm sure I could still do it. Such as,
when I was a child, I used to ride my bike to
the park every weekend.

19. Answer key
1. Also
2. But furthermore
3. First of all
4-7. First, and second, the third reason,
Finally
8-10. Once, for instance, such as