Call Girls Colaba Mumbai ❤️ 9920874524 👈 Cash on Delivery
3. mutagen,carcino and teratogen
1. Bule Hora University
College of Health and Medical Sciences
Department Of Pharmacy
TOXICOLOGY
For 4th year Medical Laboratoy
Students
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens 1
By:Aliyi G.(B.Pharm)
2. . Introduction to mutagenesis
. mutagens
3. Mutagenesis
2
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
3. Introduction to mutagenesis
3
Mutagenesis :-
Genesis means to synthesize something.
is a process by which the genetic information of
an organism is changed,
resulting in a mutation.
It may occur
spontaneously in nature, or
as a result of exposure to mutagens.
It can also be achieved experimentally using
laboratory procedures.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
4. Introduction to mutagenesis cont’d,…
4
Mutagenesis as a laboratory technique
Mutagenesis in the laboratory is an important
technique where by DNA mutations are
deliberately
engineered to produce
mutant genes,
proteins or
strains of organisms.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
6. Introduction to mutagenesis
cont’d,…
6
I. Random mutagenesis
When an organism is exposed to a physical or
chemical mutagen,
mutations are induced randomly in all genes of the
organism.
Hence, this process of generating mutations is
known as random mutagenesis.
The desired mutant is selected from the
mutagenised
population.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
7. Introduction to mutagenesis
cont’d,…
7
II. Site-directed mutagenesis
Site-directed mutagenesis, also called site-
specific
mutagenesis or oligonucleotide-directed
mutagenesis,
is a molecular biology technique
in which a mutation is created at a defined site in a
DNA molecule.
Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis
is used to test the role of particular residues in the
structure, catalytic activity, and ligand-binding
capacity of a protein. 4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
8. Mutagen:
8
Definition
“Mutagen is a physical, chemical or biological agent that
causes mutation by
altering the genetic material which possibly results in the disease
condition.”
Mutagens are the agents that damage genetic material, usually
DNA and
results in genetic abnormalities.
Or
Anything that causes mutations is known as mutagens.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
9. Definition Cont’d,…
9
In genetics, mutagen induced changes are
known as mutation.
However, not all mutations emerge due to
mutagens, some mutations arise spontaneously
by
error in replication, hydrolysis or recombination
errors.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
10. Definition Cont’d,…
10
The mutations are categorized under two broader categories;
gene mutations and
chromosomal mutations.
Insertion, deletion, duplication, translocation, inversion are
some of the common types of gene mutations that occur
spontaneously in nature while
trisomy, monosomy and numerical chromosomal
abnormalities are some of the chromosomal mutations.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
11. Types of mutagens
11
Physical
Radiation
Heat
Chemical
Base analogs
Alkylating agents
intercalating agents
Metal ions
biological
Viruses
bacteria
transposons
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
13. Physical agents
13
Radiation:
Radiations are the first mutagenic agent reported in
1920.
UV rays, X-rays, alpha rays, neutrons, and other ionizing
and non-ionizing radiations are mutagenic.
Usually, radiation directly damages the DNA or
nucleotide structure.
The radiation causes
cross-linking of DNA or protein,
chromosomal break,
strand break or chromosomes loss,
also, at the molecular level it prompts deletion of
bases or DNA strand breakages.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
15. Physical agents cont’d,…
15
Heat:
Heat is another mutagen that provokes
mutations in our DNA.
when we heat the DNA, over a certain degree
(>95°C),
the DNA becomes denatured.
Also, extreme heat also damages DNA and
breaks the phosphodiester bonds too.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
16. Chemical mutagens
16
Chemicals are actually dangerous for the
entire world.
The first mutagenic effect of the nitrogen
mustard was reported by charlotte Auerbach in
1942.
the nitrogen mustard is a poisonous gas used
during the world war 1 and 2.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
17. Chemical mutagens cont’d,…
17
Base analogs:
The base analogs are chemicals similar to the
bases of DNA- purine and pyrimidines or
structurally resemble the DNA bases.
Bromouracil and aminopurine are two common base analogs
incorporated into DNA- instead of normal bases,
during the process of replication.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
18. Chemical mutagens cont’d,…
18
The 5-bromouracil are artificially synthesized molecules- a
base analog utilized in the genetic research
which is incorporated in DNA in place of the thymine.
Instead of the methyl group of the thymine,
the bromouracil contains Br group- highly resemble to the thymine.
It pairs with the adenine as like the thymine and
produces the mutation.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
20. Chemical mutagens cont’d,…
20
Alkylating agents:
Ethylnitrosourea, mustard gas and vinyl chloride
are common alkylating agents that add alkyl group to
the DNA and
damages it.
The agents induce base-pairing errors by
increasing ionization and
produces gaps in the DNA strand.
The alkylated purine bases are removed by the
phenomenon called depurination,
although depurination is not mutagenic and
can be repaired by the DNA repair pathway.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
21. Chemical mutagens cont’d,…
21
Intercalating agents:
Ethidium bromide (EtBr) used during the agarose gel
electrophoresis is one of the intercalating agents.
Other intercalating agents like proflavine, acridine
orange,... operated by the same mechanism alike the
EtBr.
The molecules intercalate between the bases of DNA
and disrupt its structure.
If it is incorporated during the replication,
it can cause frameshift mutation.
It may also block transcription.
The intercalating agents either
cause deletion or insertion and 4/5/2022
22. Chemical mutagens cont’d,…
22
The graphical illustration of the effect of an intercalating
agent on DNA.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
23. Chemical mutagens cont’d,…
23
Metal ions:
Metal ions also dangerous to our DNA as it acts
in varieties of different ways.
Nickel, chromium, cobalt, cadmium, arsenic,
chromium and iron are some of the common metal
ions cause mutations.
The metal ions work by
producing ROS (reactive oxygen species),
hindering the DNA repair pathway,
cause DNA hypermethylation or
may directly damages the DNA.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
24. Biological agents
24
Virus:
HIV is causative agent of AIDS.
Viruses are common mutagens that are well
known to us and creates lethal health issues.
Viruses insert their DNA into our genome and
disrupt the normal function of DNA or genes.
Once it inserts DNA, the DNA is replicated,
transcribed and translate viral protein instead of
our own protein.
Mature viral particle forms in a cell.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
25. Biological agents cont’d,…
25
Bacteria:
Some bacteria are also dangerous for our DNA-
cause inflammation.
It provokes DNA damage and
DNA breakage.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
26. Biological agents cont’d,…
26
Transposons:
Less known biological mutagens are transposons.
The transposons are non-coding DNA sequences,
jumps from one place to another place in a genome
and
influence the function of genes.
Unlike the viral DNA, the transposons are our
own DNA believed to be originated from the
retroviruses.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
27. Effect of mutagens
27
The mutagens are genotoxic- harmful to our
DNA in many ways,
some directly affect the DNA
some indirectly.
therefore, the exact effect of each mutagen is
still unknown to us.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
28. Effect of mutagens cont’d,…
28
At the chromosomal level, the mutagens can
alter the structure or number of chromosomes.
As deletion, duplication, insertion, translocation,
monosomy and nondisjunction are some of the
chromosomal abnormalities produced by
mutagens.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
29. Effect of mutagens cont’d,…
29
At the molecular level, the mutagens create
different gene mutations results in
loss of function,
altered function or
non-functional protein.
It also alters the codon, deletes bases, alters
bases, breaks hydrogen bonds or
phosphodiester bonds and
changes gene expression.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
30. Effect of mutagens cont’d,…
30
Some mutagens dysregulate cell proliferation
and cell death process and
thus cause cancer, those are called carcinogens.
Biological mutagens slower down the DNA
repair or DNA synthesis process.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
31. Effect of mutagens cont’d,…
31
Some of the common types of mutagens
based on their effect are enlisted here:
Teratogens:
are the class of the mutagens
which causes congenital malformations.
X-rays, valproate and toxoplasma are common
physicals, chemical and biological teratogens,
respectively.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
32. Effect of mutagens cont’d,…
32
Carcinogens:
are the class of mutagens
induces tumor formation and
thus cause cancer.
A wide variety of agents are categorized as
carcinogens.
X-rays/ UV-rays, Aflatoxins and retroviruses are
common physicals, chemical and biological
carcinogens, respectively.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
33. Effect of mutagens cont’d,…
33
Clastogens:
are the class of mutagens responsible for
chromosomal
breakage,
deletion,
duplication and
rearrangements.
UV-rays, Bleomycins and HIV viruses are common
types of physical, chemical, and biological
clastogens, respectively.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
34. Effect of mutagens cont’d,…
34
non-specific mutagens:
other unclassified mutagens are responsible
for DNA damage and
non-functioning of the DNA repair pathway.
X-rays/heat, innumerable and toxoplasma are
several non-specific mutagens.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
36. Mutagens are useful
36
Now, this is something interesting, scientists are
using various physical, chemical or biological
mutagens for various purposes.
For example, an EtBr is used as an intercalating
dye during agarose gel electrophoresis
It emits fluorescent and the DNA bands can be visualized
on a gel.
The heat method is used during the polymerase
chain reaction for denaturation of DNA.
This facilitates single-stranded DNA for various
applications.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
37. Mutagens are useful…
37
The UV-rays are utilized for decontamination or
sterilization processes in genetics as well as
microbiology.
The UV-light destroys all the bacteria or viruses
present in a culture room.
Carcinogens and teratogens are used in cancer
research.
Transposons are used as a vehicle for transferring
a gene of interest at a particular location in a
genome.
Thus it is used in gene therapy experiments.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
39. Cancer
39
A group of disease characterized by
uncontrolled multiplication and
spread of abnormal forms of the body's own cells.
A multi-causal, multistage group of diseases the
mechanisms of which are still only partially known.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
40. Cancer cont’d,…
Can originate almost anywhere in the body.
Carcinomas
The most common types of cancer
Arise from the cells that cover external & internal body
surfaces.
Lung, breast, and colon
are the most frequent cancers of this type in the United
States.
Sarcomas
Arising from cells found in the supporting tissues of the body
Bone, cartilage, fat, connective tissue, and muscle.
4/5/2022
40
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
41. Cancer cont’d,…
Lymphomas:
Arise in the lymph nodes and tissues of the body’s
immune system.
Leukemias:
Cancers of the immature blood cells that grow in the
bone marrow
Tend to accumulate in large numbers in the
bloodstream.
4/5/2022
41
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
43. Cancer cont’d,…
Age is a primary risk factor;
~77 percent of all cancers being diagnosed in
people aged 55 and older.
4/5/2022
43
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
44. Cancer cont’d,…
Causes
All cancers are a result of multiple mutations.
Internal
Inherited mutations &
Only 5–10%
Environmental/acquired factors
90–95% of mutations
Tobacco , diet, radiation,
Alcohol, & infectious organisms.
4/5/2022
44
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
45. Cancer cont’d,…
45
Some viruses associated with human
cancers
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
46. Carcinogenesis
DNA repair genes.
Code for proteins whose normal function is
to correct errors that arise when cells duplicate their DNA
prior to cell division.
Mutations in DNA repair genes can
lead to a failure in repair,
which in turn allows subsequent mutations to
accumulate.
4/5/2022
46
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
48. Cancer:
the result of malfunctions within the regulation of the
cell cycle,
such that injured or mutated cells
which are normally killed are allowed to progress
through the cell cycle, accumulating mutations.
4/5/2022
48
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
50. Stages of carcinogenesis
50
Carcinogenesis is a complex multistage process, usually
involving
More than one genetic change as well as
Epigenetic factors which do not by themselves produce
cancer but
increase the likelihood that the genetic mutation(s) will
eventually result in cancer.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
51. Stages of carcinogenesis cont’d,…
51
Initiation
Phenomenon of gene alteration, which may result from the
interaction of ultimate carcinogens with DNA in the target cell.
Initiating event involves cellular genome – MUTATIONS.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
52. Stages of carcinogenesis
cont’d,…
52
Results from DNA mutations
Mutations may occur in oncogenes/proto-
oncogenes or
tumor suppressor genes.
Initiated cells may remain ‘dormant’, and rarely
become
neoplastic cells without undergoing promotion and
progression.
Irreversible
Single treatment can induce mutation.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
53. Stages of carcinogenesis
cont’d,…
53
Promotion
A phenomenon of gene activation in which the latent altered
phenotype of the initiated cell becomes expressed through
selection and clonal expansion.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
54. Stages of carcinogenesis
cont’d,…
54
Results from clonal expansion of initiated cells
No direct DNA modification
Nongenotoxic; don’t induce cancer by themselves.
No direct mutation
Cell signaling and gene expression are altered,
leading to increased cell mitogensis and/or reduced apoptosis.
Leads to the formation of preneoplastic cells
Long duration and reversible, especially at earlier stage
Tumor promoters (not mutagenic) do not directly interact with
DNA ---altered expression of genes
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
55. Stages of carcinogenesis
cont’d,…
55
Progression
The last irreversible stage of multistage carcinogenesis,
which usually develops from the cells in the stage of promotion.
Characterised by
irreversibility,
genetic instability,
faster growth,
invasion,
metastization, and
changes in the biochemical, metabolical and morphological
characteristics of cells – malignant phenotypes
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
56. Stages of carcinogenesis
cont’d,…
56
Results from additional genomic structural alterations
Leads to the formation of benign or malignant neoplasms
Chemicals that impact on the progression stage are usually
genotoxic agents.
Agents that only cause the transition of a cell from the stage
of promotion to that of progression are termed progressor
agents.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
58. Carcinogen
58
Defn.
is Substance that can cause cancer by inhalation,
ingestion or skin.
Carcinogens either produce:
New neoplastic growth in a tissue or organ or
Increase the incidence and/or multiplicity of background
spontaneous neoplastic formation in the target tissue.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
59. Carcinogen cont’d,…
59
Carcinogens can be
chemicals,
physical agents (such as Uv light and gamma radiation),
and
biological agents (such as viruses).
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
60. Carcinogen cont’d,…
60
Carcinogen - can be divided into two major categories:
Based on whether or not they are mutagenic in in-vitro
mutagenicity assay.
A. DNA-damaging agents (genotoxic)
Mutagenic in in-vitro assays
Considered to produce permanent alterations in the
genetic material of the host in vivo
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
61. Carcinogen cont’d,…
61
B. Epigenetic agents (nongenotoxic)
Not mutagenic in in-vitro assays
Don’t alter the primary sequence of DNA but are
considered to alter the expression or repression of
certain genes and/or to produce perturbations in signal
transduction pathways that influence cellular events
related to proliferation, differentiation, or apoptosis.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
62. 62
Table: characteristics of Genotoxic and Nongenotoxic
Carcinogens
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
63. A.DNA-damaging agents (genotoxic)
63
Direct acting carcinogens
are intrinsically reactive compounds
do not require metabolic activation
Examples include
N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and N-methyl-N-nitro-N-
nitrosoguanidine;
the alkyl alkanesulfonates such as methyl methanesulfonate;
the lactones such as beta propiolactone and the nitrogen
and sulfur mustards.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
64. DNA-damaging agents (genotoxic)
cont’d,…
64
Indirect-acting carcinogens
require metabolic activation by cellular enzymes
to form the ultimate carcinogenic species.
o Examples include
o dimethylnitrosamine,
o benzo[a]pyrene,
o 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene,
o aflatoxin B1and
o 2-acetylaminofluorene
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
65. DNA-damaging agents (genotoxic)
cont’d,…
65
Radiation and oxidative DNA damage
can occur directly or indirectly.
Inorganic agents
such as
arsenic,
chromium and
nickel
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
66. 66
Table: Examples of Genotoxic Carcinogens
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
67. B. Epigenetic Agents
67
Many epigenetic agents favor the proliferation of cells with an
altered genotype and
allow the clonal expansion of these altered or “initiated” cells.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
68. Epigenetic Agents cont’d,…
68
Epigenetic agents can be divided into four major categories
Hormones
such as conjugated estrogens and diethylstilbestrol
Immunosuppressive xenobiotics
such as azathioprine and cyclosporin A
Solid state agents,
which include plastic implants and asbestos
Tumor promoters
rodent models, which include 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-
13-acetate, TCDD and phenobarbital
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
70. Chemical Carcinogens
70
Classification of Chemical Carcinogens in Relation to Their
Action on One or More Stages of Carcinogenesis.
Initiating agent (incomplete carcinogen):
a chemical capable only of initiating cells.
Polycyclic hydrocarbons
e.g. Benzo(a)pyrene) and nitrosamines,
biological agents
such as viruses, and
physical agents
such as X-rays and UV light.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
71. Chemical Carcinogens cont’d,…
71
Promoting agent:
a chemical capable of causing the expansion of initiated cell
clones e.g.
tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate,
phenobarbital,
2,3,7,8-tetracholorodibenzo-p-dioxin ,
cholic acid,
androgens and estrogens,
natural and synthetic are effective promoting agents.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
72. Chemical Carcinogens cont’d,…
72
Progressor agent:
a chemical capable of converting an initiated cell or a cell in
the stage of promotion to a potentially malignant cell
e.g.
hydrogen peroxide,
arsenic salts,
hydroxyurea, and
organic peroxides, e.g. benzoyl peroxide, benzene .
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
73. Chemical Carcinogens cont’d,…
73
Complete carcinogen:
a chemical possessing the capability of inducing cancer
from normal cells,
usually possessing properties of initiating,
promoting, and progressor agents
e.g.
aflatoxin,
tobacco smoking,
soluble nickel salts, can be genotoxic carcinogen.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
77. Introduction
77
Teratology (Greek word teratos=“ monster ” Gensis-
”producing”)
is a specialized area of embryology.
It is the study of the etiology of abnormal development
(the study of birth defects).
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
78. Introduction cont’d,…
78
A teratogen
is defined as any agent that results in structural or functional
abnormalities (malformation ) in the fetus or in the child after
birth,
as a consequence of maternal exposure during pregnancy.
Birth defects are known to occur in 3- 5% of all newborns.
They can do direct damage to the fetus, causing abnormal
development.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
79. Introduction cont’d,…
79
Teratogens are substances that may produce
physical or functional defects in the human
embryo or fetus after the pregnant woman is
exposed to the substance.
Alcohol and cocaine are examples of such
substances.
Exposure to the teratogen affects the fetus or
embryo in a variety of ways, such as the
duration of exposure,
the amount of teratogenic substance, and
the stage of development the embryo or fetus is in
during the exposure.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
80. Introduction cont’d,…
80
They affect the embryo or fetus in a number of
ways, causing
physical malformations,
problems in the behavioral or emotional
development of the child, and
decreased intellectual quotient (IQ) in the child.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
81. Introduction cont’d,…
81
The agents responsible for the disruptions are called
teratogens.
Mutagens and carcinogens also are the causes of abnormal
development but their mode of action differ.
Teratogens are agents that affect the embryo at dose levels.
They are harmless to adult organisms and
do not permanently damage the genetic material.
On the other hand,
mutagens are agents that alter the genes, whereas
carcinogens are agents that lead to excessive growth and loss of
differentiation, generally in adult tissue.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
82. Causes of teratogenesis
82
Abnormalities caused by genetic events, e.g.
mutation in genes,
structural changes in chromosomes etc. are called
malformations.
Abnormalities caused by environmental agents
are
called disruptions. May be either
biological (e.g. viruses and parasites) or
Non biological such as physical factors (e.g.
temperature,
radiation) and
chemical factors (e.g. drug, chemicals
and nutritional imbalances). 4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
84. Causes of teratogenesis cont’d,…
84
Characteristics of environmental induced
teratogenesis
Stage sensitivity
Susceptibility to teratogen varies from stage of gestation
From fertilization to early post – implantation (pre-embryonic period)
o Days 0-17 post conception
o Prior to implantation and organ differentiation
o Not usually associated with teratogenesis
o Effect of teratogen is all (embryonic lethality) or none effect.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
85. Causes of teratogenesis cont’d,…
85
Embryonic period
o Days 18-60 post conception
o Implantation to time of organogenesis
o Period of major organ development
o Greater risk of malformation; morphological
defects .
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
86. Causes of teratogenesis cont’d,…
86
The fetal period: Fetal → neonatal stage
o > 8 weeks post conception until term
o Fetal growth
o CNS and some organs continue to develop
o e.g. eyes, ears, teeth, external genitalia
o Abnormalities also occurs e.g. ethanol
o Functional disorders,
o growth retardation,
o carcinogenesis.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
87. 87
Figure: Sensitivity to teratogenic exposure at different stages of
embryonic and fetal development
88. Types Teratogens
88
Teratogens are classified into four types:
1. physical agents,
2. metabolic conditions,
3. infection and
4. drugs and chemicals
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
89. A list of some teratogenic agents causing birth defects
89
Natural Teratogens
Some poisonous plants like Skunk cabbage
veratrum, Ionizing radiations
Pharmaceutical Teratogens
Thalidoamide ,Tetracycline, Streptomycin ,Valproic
acid, Warfarin, Diethylstilbestrol, Retionic acid,
Pencillin
Industrial Teratogens
Lead, Methyl, mercury, Cadmium,
Arsenic
Microbial Teratogens
Treponema pallidum (syphilis), Herpes simplex,
Rubella (German measles),Cytomeagalo virus (CMV)
Metabolic conditions in the
mother
Diabetes, Auto immune disease (including Rh
incompatibility), Phenylketonuria, Dietary
deficiencies, malnutrition 4/5/2022
90. Microbial teratogens cont’d,…
90
This class of teratogens includes infectious microorganisms.
These microbes affect 1-5% of all live births and
are among the leading causes of neonatal morbidity and
mortality.
General symptoms include
premature birth,
growth retardation,
neurological abnormalities,
damage of the eye, liver, heart and ear along with bone lesions.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
91. Microbial teratogens cont’d,…
91
Rubella
Abnormal babies are born to women suffering from
Rubella (German measles) during the first five weeks
of pregnancy.
The abnormalities include,
microphthalmia,
cataracts,
glaucoma,
cardiac malformations,
hearing loss and
mental retardation. 4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
92. Microbial teratogens cont’d,…
The mode of action of the pathogen
can be direct viral effects or damage to immune
response.
In 1969, Rubella vaccine was introduced.
Since then the cases of congenital Rubella
syndrome have decreased significantly .
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
92
93. Microbial teratogens cont’d,…
93
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) & Herpes
simplex
Cytomegalovirus infection early in gestation is fatal
while infection of later embryos might lead to
blindness ,
deafness,
cerebral palsy and
mental retardation.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
94. Microbial teratogens cont’d,…
CMV damage including
hepatitis,
gestational prematurity,
anemia.
Mode of action of CMV is similar to that of rubella
virus,
i.e. cell lysis and immune response.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
94
95. Microbial teratogens cont’d,…
95
Toxoplasma
Toxoplasma goondii is a protozoan parasite carried
by rabbits and cats.
It can cross the placenta causing
hydrocephaly,
microphthalmia,
brain lesions and
multiple organ damage.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
96. Microbial teratogens cont’d,…
Fetal infection occurs approximately one in four
thousand pregnancies.
The fetal damage caused by the teratogen is
maxmium if the mother is infected in third trimester
resulting in 60% of the infected new born.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
96
97. Microbial teratogens cont’d,…
97
Syphilis
Treponema pallidum is the cause of syphilis.
Several hundred children are born each year with syphilis.
Early infection most often results in spontaneous abortion.
New born which survive are anemic
having spleen and liver malformations.
Infection during late pregnancy results in
deafness,
dental and bony abnormalities,
cardiovascular defects and
skin lesions.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
98. Teratogenic Drugs
98
Analgesic
Anticonvulsant
Anticoagulant Antidepressant
Ant thyroid
Vitamin A
•Metal toxic
•Sedative/ hypnotics
•Aminoglycosides
IN the first trimester pregnant
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
99. Analgesic (Aspirin)
99
Gastroschisis
Decrease prostaglandin => decrease uterine
contraction => delayed onset of labor &
prolonged period of pregnancy.
During delivery => severe bleeding because
aspirin decrease platelet aggregation.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
100. Anticonvulsant
100
Women with epilepsy 5-10% risk of anomalies.
Range of anomalies varies with drugs.
Risk increases with numbers and dose of drugs.
Including :
Carbamazepine,
phenytoin,
valproic acid.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
103. Vitamin A (Retinoic Acid)
103
Carnie-facial dismorphism
Cleft palate (facial malformation)
Thymic aplasia (missing of organ)
Neural tube defect ( birth defect of brain)
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
104. Other Teratogenic drug
104
Thalidomide
Diethylstilbestrol
Tetracycline
Chloramphenicol
Aminoglycosides
Sulfamethoxazole And
Trimethoprim
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
105. Teratogenic drug cont’d,…
105
Thalidomide
A sedative-hypnotic drug used in Europe from 1957
to 1961.
It was marketed for
morning sickness,
nausea and
Insomnia.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
106. Teratogenic drug cont’d,…
106
Women who had taken the drug from gestation days 35 to 50 gave
birth
◦ To offspring suffering from a spectrum of different
malformations, mainly
◦ amelia (absence of limbs) or
◦ phocomelia (severe shortening of limbs).
◦ Other malformations included:
◦ absence of the auricles with deafness,
◦ defects of the muscles of the eye and face, and
◦ malformations of the heart, bowel, uterus, and gallbladder.
The compound was withdrawn from the market in 1961 after about
10,000 cases had occurred.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
107. Teratogenic drug cont’d,…
107
Diethylstilbestrol
A synthetic non-steroidal estrogen widely used from the
1940s to the 1970s in the US
to prevent threatened miscarriage by stimulating
synthesis of estrogen and progesterone in the placenta.
In 1970’s female offspring to have vaginal adenocarcinoma
at age 15 – 22yrs.
22-58% females developed uterine, cervical or tubal changes
=> infertility, miscarriage etc…
Male offspring => undescended or small testes etc…
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
108. Teratogenic drug cont’d,…
108
Tetracycline
Protein synthesis inhibitor
Inhibit the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the
mRNA ribosomes complex
by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit in mRNA
translation complex .
SIDE EFFECTS
dental discoloration in children
maternal hepatotoxicity (drug that cause injury to
liver) with large parenteral doses.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
109. Teratogenic drug cont’d,…
109
Chloramphenicol
Bacteriostatic drug that stop bacterial growth by inhibiting
protein synthesis
• Prevent protein chain elongation by inhibiting peptidyl
transferase activity of bacterial chromosome
• Intravenous chloramphenicol use has been associated with
Gray Baby syndrome.
This occur in newborn infants
because their liver enzymes not yet fully developed.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
110. Teratogenic drug cont’d,…
110
Adverse effects
Hypotension
Cyanosis
The condition can be prevented by using the drug
at recommended doses & monitoring blood levels.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
111. Teratogenic drug cont’d,…
111
Aminoglycosides
EG: GENTAMICIN, STREPTOMYCIN
• Have several potential antibiotic mechanisms
• Disrupt the integrity of the bacterial cell
membrane.
Adverse effects:
Nephrotoxicity…usually reversible and mild.
Ototoxicity… irreversible, manifests itself mainly
as vestibular dysfunction.
Loss of hearing can also occur.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
112. Teratogenic drug cont’d,…
112
Sulfamethoxazole,Trimethoprim
Sulfonamide is a bacteriostatic antibiotic
Structural analogs and competitive antagonist
of PABA.
Inhibit normal bacterial utilisation of PABA for the synthesis
of folic acid
• Used as a bacteriostatic antibiotic in treatment
of urinary tract infections.
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens
113. Teratogenic drug cont’d,…
113
Adverse Effects
Most common
Fever, skin rashes, dermatitis, photosensitivity,
urticaria, NVD
Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Serious and potentially fatal type of skin and mucous
membrane eruption associated with sulfonamide use.
Relatively uncommon
<1% of treatment courses
4/5/2022
Mutagens, Carcinogens and Teratogens