2. The distillation boundary indicates that if the feed composition to the column is in
one distillation region, then a column operating at total reflux would be unable to
separate the mixture into the three distinct compounds
Removing inorganic compounds.
Hardness of a con-taminated water
3. A residue curve describes the change of the composition of the liquid phase of a
chemical mixture.
At Condition of vapor–liquid equilibrium (open distillation).
Composition trajectories.
Feasibility of a separation of mixtures.
4.
5. Extractive distillation is defined as distillation in the presence of a miscible, high-
boiling, relatively non-volatile component,
The solvent, that forms no azeotrope.
Not easy to separate by simple means.
Solvent Selection.
Benzene, Aniline and Cyclohexane.
6.
7. Azeotropic distillation (AD) is a process to break azeotrope.
Where another volatile component, entrainer, solvent, mass separating
agent (MSA), is added to form a new lower-boiling azeotrope that is
heterogeneous.
To improve separation.
Water and Benzene.
8.
9. Separation of homogeneous fluid mixtures.
Exploits differences in boiling point.
Principle: The addition of the entrainer results in a ternary phase equilibrium
diagram promising for separation.
Conventional single-feed column.
Limited : promising phase diagrams are rare.
hydrochloric acid/water + sulphuric acid, nitric acid/water + sulphuric water
10.
11. The distillation is used to separate non ideal mixtures using entrainer to form
ternary azeotrope with minimum boiling temperature.
Principle: Liquid-liquid immiscibility.
Applicability: Industry
Dehydration of ethanol by using benzene, diethyl ether or pentane,
Separate acetic acid/water by using ethyl acetate