Diesel engines are the major source of transportation, power generation, marine applications etc. Hence diesel is being used extensively, but due to gradual depletion of world petroleum reserves and the impact of environmental pollution of increasing exhaust emissions, there is an urgent need for suitable alternative fuels for use in diesel engine. In view of the developing new agro-based alternative like Honge (Pongamia Pinnata) oil are considered as alternate fuels to diesel which are promising alternative because they have advantages like they are renewable, eco-friendly and produced easily in rural areas, where there is an acute need for modern forms of energy. With this objective, the present work has focused on the performance and emission characteristics of Honge oil and its blends with diesel on a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine and its suitability as an alternative fuel. The oil blended with diesel in on the volume basis, then analyzed and compared with diesel. The performance and emission characteristics of blends are evaluated at different load (brake power) of 0, 1.3kW, 2.6kW, 3.9kW, and 5.2kW at constant rated speed of 1500rpm and results are compared with diesel.

1. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
A PROJECT REPORT ON
“PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF CI ENGINE USING PONGAMIA
PINNATA BIODIESEL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL”

2. INTRODUCTION
Today, Automobile industries are focusing on global warming
and saving non-renewable sources.
 Bio diesel is one of the best solution of above mentioned
problems.
 The rising cost of diesel and the danger caused to the
environment has led to the intensive and desperate search
of alternative fuels. Among them, a non-edible seeds like
pongamia pinnata has proven to be a promising substitute
to diesel.
 Since it is a renewable energy, produce less emission and it
is successfully implemented on existing systems (cars).

3. What is Biodiesel?
Biodiesel:
 Biodiesel fuel typically comprises of lower
alkyl fatty acid, esters of short-chain
alcohols(methanol or ethanol).
 low-emissions, high lubricating alternative
diesel fuel produced from veg.oil / animal fats.
 Non-toxic, Biodegradable, Renewable fuel.
 Can be combined at any level with petroleum
diesel to fuel diesel engines.

4. Seeds Used Alcohol
PONGAMIA PINNATA Methanol
Ethanol
Catalyst
Sodium hydroxide
Potassium hydroxide
Biodiesel Raw Materials

5. Fig.(a) Pongamia Seeds Fig.(b) Crusher
EXTRACTION OF PONGAMIA CRUDE OIL FROM ITS SEEDS

6. Fig.(c) Oil Settling Tank Fig.(d) Filter

7. Fig.(f) Pongamia OilFig.(e) Cake

8. FFA of Oil Sodium
Hydroxide
(gm)
0 3.5
1 4.5
2 5.5
3 6.5
4 7.5
Titration
PREPARATION OF PONGAMIA BIO-DIESEL FROM CRUDE OIL

9. Necked flask with magnetic stirrer and Condenser

10. Transesterification
Convert “3-headed” Oils into Hydrocarbons chains similar to
petroleum diesel…
Veg. Oil (soya oil),
Three fatty acid chains
attached to glycerol.
Cetane – typical of petro-diesel
+
Methanol
3(CH3OH)
=
Typical
“Biodiesel”
Methyl-Ester
+
Byproduct:
Glycerol aka
Glycerine

11. Separation of Glycerine from biodiesel.

12. Washing of Bio-Diesel

13. Drying of Bio-Diesel

14. QUALITY ANALYSIS OF BIODIESEL
Hydrometer tube used to measure density of Pongamia oil

15. Viscometer tube immersed in hot water bath at 40⁰C
(Viscometer apparatus)

16. Pensky -Martin apparatus to determine flash and fire
point of the oil

17. 0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
B0 B20 B40 B60 B80 B100
Calorificvalue(KJ/Kg)
Blends
Bomb Calorimeter

18. Properties Diesel oil Pongamia oil
Density, gm/cc 0.83 0.9
Viscosity, cst 3.9 6.9
Calorific value,KJ/kg 42000 39488
Flash point, ᵒC 56 160
Fire point, ᵒC 65 170
Comparison of properties of Pongamia Pinnata
oil with Diesel

19. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

20. Different blends of Pongamia Pinnata Bio-Diesel with Diesel

21. Different part of Experimental setup

22. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
IP(KW)
BP (KW)
B 0
B 20
B 40
B 60
B 80
B 100
Figure shows the comparison of IP with BP for different Pongamia
Pinnata-diesel blends. The IP for B100 is slightly lower than diesel at low
load and is almost equal at higher load.
Performance parameters of Pongamia Pinnata oil blends with Diesel

23. 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
BMEP(bar)
BP (KW)
B 0
B 20
B 40
B 60
B 80
B 100
The variation of brake means effective pressure with loads of diesel and
Pongamia Pinnata oil blends are shown in the Fig.9.2 Brake mean
effective pressure increases with increase in load. BMEP of neat diesel
is comparatively less than BMEP of neat Pongamia Pinnata oil.

24. 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
IMEP(bar)
BP (KW)
B 0
B 20
B 40
B 60
B 80
B 100
Figure shows the comparison of BP with IMEP for different Pongamia
Pinnata-diesel blends. The valves of IMEP increases gradually with
increase in load. The IMEP for B100 is less than diesel at low load and is
almost equal at high load.

25. 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
BTHE(%)
BP (KW)
B 0
B 20
B 40
B 60
B 80
B 100
Figure shows the comparison of BTHE with BP for different blends of
Pongamia Pinnata oil and Diesel. The valve of BTHE gradually
increases with increase in load. It is seen from the graph that, for
higher percentage of Pongamia Pinnata oil the blend, the efficiency is
less than 100% diesel. However the efficiency increases at higher
loads.

26. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ITHE(%)
BP (KW)
B 0
B 20
B 40
B 60
B 80
B 100
Figures show the comparison of ITHE with BP for different Pongamia
Pinnata oil and Diesel blends. The valve of ITHE decreases gradually
with increase in load.

27. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
MechEff.(%)
BP (KW)
B 0
B 20
B 40
B 60
B 80
B 100
Figure shows the comparison of Mechanical efficiency with BP for
different Pongamia Pinnata-diesel blends. The Mechanical efficiency
increases gradually with increase in loads. At lower loads, mechanical
efficiency with 100% Diesel is less than Pongamia Pinnata blends.

28. 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
SFC(Kg/KWh)
BP (KW)
B 0
B 20
B 40
B 60
B 80
B 100
Figure shows the comparison of SFC with BP for different Pongamia
Pinnata-diesel blends. The SFC gradually decreases till 2KW and then it
becomes nearly equal. The SFC for B100, B60 and B40 is higher than the
B0 at lower loads and all the SFC values for all the blends is almost equal
at the higher load.

29. 75
75.5
76
76.5
77
77.5
78
78.5
79
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
VolEff.(%)
BP (KW)
B 0
B 20
B 40
B 60
B 80
B 100
The graph shows a large variation in volumetric efficiency as per the
increase in brake power. However for B 60, the variation is uniform
comparatively. Hence B 60 is preferable over B 0 (100 D) for better
volumetric efficiency. Volumetric efficiency of bio diesel is comparatively
higher than that of the diesel.

30. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
A/FRatio
BP (KW)
B 0
B 20
B 40
B 60
B 80
B 100
The variation of air fuel ratio with loads of diesel and Pongamia Pinnata
oil blends are shown in Figure. Fuel consumption is high for Pongamia
Pinnata oil blends. Air fuel ratio decreases with increase in load because
air fuel mixing process is affected by the difficulty in automation of bio-
diesel due to its higher viscosity. It is seen from the graph that, the air fuel
ratio v/s brake power graph is balanced for B 80 blend.

31. -0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
CO
BP (KW)
CO B0
CO B20
CO B40
CO B60
CO B80
CO B100
Emission Parameters of Pongamia Pinnata Oil blends With Diesel.
With higher diesel replacement CO emission was found to increase. This is
due to late burning of the mixture with higher diesel replacement of natural
gas, had caused more fuel to remain partially unburned increasing the
formation of CO.

32. 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
HC(ppm)
BP (KW)
HC B0
HC B20
HC B40
HC B60
HC B80
HC B100
The variation of hydrocarbon with respect to BP is shown in the figure
above. The figure.shows that hydrocarbon content reduce this is due to
increase in the carbon content. The HC valve for all the blends is lower
than B0.

33. 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
NOₓ(ppm)
BP (KW)
NOₓ B0
NOₓ B20
NOₓ B40
NOₓ B60
NOₓ B80
NOₓ B100
The variation of smoke emission with load for diesel and Pongamia
Pinnata blends are shown in figure. The Pongamia Pinnata has lower
viscosity, which results in better atomization that leads to complete
combustion of fuel as compared to Diesel. The NOX (PPM) for all the
blend are almost equal to the B0 at lower loads and at higher loads the
NOX (PPM) for B100 is slightly lower than the B0.

34. 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
CO₂
BP (KW)
CO₂ B0
CO₂ B20
CO₂ B40
CO₂ B60
CO₂ B80
CO₂ B100
Figure shows the comparison of Percentage of carbon dioxide (%) in the
exhaust gas with BP for different Pongamia Pinnata-diesel blends. The
carbon dioxide (%) for all the blends is almost varying equal at lower loads
and at higher loads the carbon dioxide (%) for B100 is lower than the
other blends.

35. Advantages
• Biodiesel fuel is a renewable energy source unlike petroleum-
based diesel.
• One of the main biodiesel fuel advantages is that it is less
polluting than petroleum diesel.
• Another of the advantages of biodiesel fuel is that it can also
be blended with other energy resources and oil.
• Biodiesel fuel can also be used in existing oil heating systems
and diesel engines without making any alterations.
• It can also be distributed through existing diesel fuel pumps,
which is another biodiesel fuel advantage over other
alternative fuels.
• The lubricating property of the biodiesel may lengthen the
lifetime of engines.

36. Disadvantage
• Biodiesel fuel distribution infrastructure
needs improvement, which is another of
the biodiesel fuel disadvantages.
• Its storage for long period is not suitable
for engine operation.
• It has higher (10%) NOx emissions.

37. CONCLUSION
 The efficiency increases at higher loads. Also, high efficiency is
obtained at lesser loads with 20% pongamia oil and 80% diesel.
 40%D 60%Biodiesel is preferable over B100 for better
volumetric efficiency. Volumetric efficiency of biodiesel is
comparatively lower than that of pure diesel.
 The mechanical efficiency increases gradually with increase in
the load. At lower loads, mechanical efficiency with 100% diesel
is less than pongamia oil blends.
 The brake specific fuel consumption of B20 was minimum
because of less fuel consumption.
 From emission test, we can say that B20 and B40 are more
effective which have less emission than compared to any other
blends.
 The emissions of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons are
minimum when the percentage of biodiesel is increasing in the
blend.

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ISSN: 2319–6378, Volume-1, Issue-11, September 2013.