INTRODUCTION TO MITOSIS AND TYPES WITH ITS STAGES FOR PLANTS AND ANIMLS

1. MITOSIS
G.AKHIL
188W1A0178
CIVIL-B

2. MITOSIS :
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which
replicated chromosomes are separated into
two new nuclei.
Mitosis came from the greek word mitos
means “warp thread” .

3. DISCOVERY OF MITOSIS :
 In animal cells, cell division with mitosis was
discovered in frog, rabbit, and
cat cornea cells in 1873 described for the
first time by the Polish histologist Wacław
Mayzel in 1875.
 Walther Flemming ,a german scientist
discovered mitosis in the year 1882,
in the animal cell.

4. STAGES OF MITOSIS :

6. PROPHASE :
During prophase, the cell prepares to divide
by tightly condensing its chromosomes and
initiating mitotic spindle formation.
At the onset of prophase, chromatin fibers
condense into discrete chromosomes that are
typically visible at high magnification
through a light microscope. In this stage,
chromosomes are long, thin, and thread-like
structure.

7. Here Nuclear envelope breakdown and
centrosomes moves towards the opposite
poles.
 Each replicated chromosome comprises two
chromatids, both with the same genetic
information.

8. METAPHASE :
Chromosomes are lined up at the mtaphase
plate.
 A large protein network called spindle
attaches to each sister chromatid and
orginates at the opposite poles.
These chormosomes are aligned in the
perpendicular way in the spindle and this
process is said to be metaphase.

10. ANAPHASE :
 In this stage the centromeres of the chromatids
begin to split into opposite poles being
effectively increasing the number of
chromosomes.
 During anaphase polar microtubules push
against each other, causing the cell to elongate.
 In late anaphase, chromosomes also reach their
overall maximal condensation level, to
help chromosome segregation and the re-
formation of the nucleus .

12. TELOPHASE:
 Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and began
to decondese.
 At telophase, the polar microtubules continue to
lengthen, elongating the cell even more.
 The new envelope forms around each set of
separated daughter chromosomes and the
nucleus reappears.
 Each daughter nucleus has an identical set of
chromosomes. Cell division may or may not
occur at this time depending on the organism.