The document provides an overview of the history and development of printing from its origins in China to modern techniques. It discusses early woodblock printing in China and its spread to Korea and Europe. Key developments included movable type in Korea, Gutenberg's printing press, and the later use of rotary presses. A variety of printing styles are covered such as woodcuts, engraving, etching, and techniques used for textiles like Bagh prints and Kalamkari.

1. Contemporary
Printing
Presentation By –
Akash Kumar Singhal

2. Print & Its Origin
– to produce (a text, picture, etc.) by applying inked types, plates,
blocks, or the like, to paper or other material either by direct pressure
or indirectly by offsetting an image onto an intermediate roller.
– Origin: The Chinese invention of paper and woodblock printing, at some point
before the first dated book in 868 (the Diamond Sutra) produced the world's
first print culture. Hundreds of thousands of books, on subjects ranging
from Confucian Classics to science and mathematics, were printed
using woodblock printing.

3. History of printing
– The history of printing goes back to the duplication of images by means
of stamps in very early times.
– The use of round seals for rolling an impression into clay tablets goes
back to early Mesopotamian civilization before 3000 BCE, In both China
and Egypt, the use of small stamps for seals preceded the use of larger
blocks.
– The development of printing has made it possible for books,
newspapers, magazines, and other reading materials to be produced in
great numbers, and it plays an important role in promoting literacy
among the masses.

4. Development Of Print
– Paper and woodblock printing were introduced into Europe in the 15th Century,
and the first printed books began appearing in Europe.
– Chinese movable type was spread to Korea during the Goryeo Dynasty.
– Around 1230, Koreans invented a metal type movable printing which was
described by the French scholar Henri-Jean Martin as "extremely similar to
Gutenberg's".
– The invention of Johannes Gutenberg's printing press (circa 1450)help to
produce number of books produced.
– Early printers tried to keep their printed copies of a text as faithful as possible to
the original manuscript.

5. Woodblock Printing
– Block printing is a technique for printing text, images or patterns used widely
throughout East Asia both as a method of printing on textiles and later, under
the influence of Buddhism, on paper. As a method of printing on cloth, the
earliest surviving examples from China date to about 220.
– Stamping- Used for many fabrics, and most early European woodcuts (1400–40). These
items were printed by putting paper or fabric on a table or a flat surface with the block
on top, and pressing, or hammering, the back of the block.
– Rubbing- apparently the most common for Far Eastern printing. Used for
European woodcuts and block-books later in the 15th century, and very widely
for cloth. The block is placed face side up on a table, with the paper or fabric on
top.
Woodblock for
textile printing,
India

6. Woodblock Printing
– Printing in a press- Presses" only seem to have been used in Asia in relatively
recent times. Simple weighted presses may have been used in Europe, but firm
evidence is lacking. Later, printing-presses were used (from about 1480).
– Jia xie is a method for dyeing textiles (usually silk) using wood blocks invented
in the 5th-6th centuries in China. An upper and a lower block is made, with
carved out compartments opening to the back, fitted with plugs. The cloth,
usually folded a number of times, is inserted and clamped between the two
blocks.

7. Woodblock Printing
– Colour woodblock printing- The earliest woodblock printing known is in
colour—Chinese silk from the Han Dynasty printed in three colours. On paper,
European woodcut prints with coloured blocks were invented in Germany in
1508 and are known as chiaroscuro woodcuts.
– Colour is very common in Asian woodblock printing on paper; in China the first
known example is a Diamond sutra of 1341, printed in black and red at the Zifu
Temple in modern-day Hubei province.

8. Bagh Prints of Madhya Pradesh
– Bagh Print is a traditional hand block print with natural colours, an Indian
Handicraft practised in Bagh, Dhar district in Madhya Pradesh, India. Its name is
derived from the village Bagh on the banks of the Bagh River.
– Bagh print fabric with replicated geometric and floral compositions with
vegetable colours of red and black over a white background is a popular Textile
printing product.
– Bagh Prints is listed as a geographically tagged and is protected under the
Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration & Protection) Act (GI Act) 1999
of the Government of India.

9. Banhua
– Banhua is the Chinese umbrella term for any printed art objects, and especially
for those made by woodblock printing, the term used for woodcuts from Asia.
– The direct translation of 'Banhua' is 'printed picture', it is a general term for
original prints or printmaking as an art form.
– As printing first appeared in 3rd century China, artists started to use woodblock
printing or other methods to spread their works. Buddhist classics, novel
illustrations, and the banknote were among the first public works to be printed
in China.

10. Kalamkari
– Kalamkari or Qalamkari is a type of hand-painted or block-
printed cotton textile, produced in parts of India. The word is derived
from the Persian words ghalam (pen) and kari (craftsmanship), meaning
drawing with a pen (Ghalamkar).
– The Machilipatnam Kalamkari craft made at Pedana near by
Machilipatnam in Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh, evolved with
patronage of the Mughals and the Golconda sultanate.

11. Ghalamkar
– Ghalamkar fabric is a type of Textile printing, patterned Iranian Fabric. The
fabric is printed using patterned wooden stamps. It is also known
as Kalamkari in India which basically is a type of hand-painted or block-printed
cotton textile.

12. Wood engraving
– Wood engraving is a printmaking and letterpress printing technique, in
which the artist works the image or matrix of images into a block of
wood.
– Functionally a variety of woodcut, it uses relief printing, where the artist
applies ink to the face of the block and prints using relatively low
pressure.
– By contrast, ordinary engraving, like etching, uses a metal plate for the
matrix, and is printed by the intaglio method, where the ink fills
the valleys, the removed areas.

13. Old master print
– An old master print is a work of art produced by
a printing process within the Western tradition. The term
remains current in the art trade, and there is no easy
alternative in English to distinguish the works of "fine art"
produced in printmaking from the vast range of decorative,
utilitarian and popular prints that grew rapidly alongside the
artistic print from the 15th-century onwards.
– The main techniques concerned
are woodcut, engraving and etching, although there are
others. With rare exceptions on textiles such as silk,
or vellum, old master prints are printed on paper.

14. Rotary printing press
– Rotary printing press is a printing press in which the images to be printed are
curved around a cylinder. Printing can be done on large number of substrates,
including paper, cardboard, and plastic.
– There are three main types of rotary presses; offset (including web
offset), rotogravure, and flexo (short for flexography). While the three types
use cylinders to print, they vary in their method.
– William Nicholson filed a 1790 patent for a rotary press. The rotary press itself is
an evolution of the cylinder press, invented by Friedrich Koenig.