EXCHANGE OF GASES RESPIRATION AND ITS TYPES LUNGS VOLUME AND CAPACITY ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

1. PRESENTED BY
AISHWARYA

2. CIRCULATION AND EXCHANGE
OF RESPIRATORY GASES

3. EXCHANGE OF GASES
 Inhaled oxygen enters the lungs and reaches the alveoli.
 Oxygen passes quickly through air-blood barrier into the blood in
the capillaries.
 Similarly, carbon dioxide passes from blood into the alveoli and
is then exhaled.

7. RESPIRATION
 The term respiration means the exchange of gases between body
cells and the environment.
 Breathing or pulmonary ventilation.
 This is movement of air into and out of the lungs.

8. TYPES:
• External respiration : Exchanging
air between the body and the
outside environment.
• Internal respiration : Bringing
oxygen to the cells and removing
carbon dioxide from them.

9. EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
 The air inhaled through the nostrils makes it way through the pharynx, larynx,
and trachea to the bronchioles.
 From the bronchioles, it finally reaches the lungs.
 In the lungs, air-filled sacs called alveoli have a highly vascular wall.
 The exchange of gases takes place between these vascular walls of the alveoli
and the bloodstream.
 Oxygen is taken up by the alveoli while carbon dioxide is released through
their walls.
 The air that is exhaled contains a higher concentration of carbon dioxide.
 This gaseous exchange between the alveolar walls and the bloodstream is
called external respiration.

10. INTERNAL RESPIRATION
 Internal respiration is the process by which oxygen breaks down
food into carbon dioxide and water in order to liberate energy in
the form of ATP.
 Internal respiration is also known as cellular respiration as it
occurs inside the living cells.
 The exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen gases during cellular
respiration occurs between the blood and other cells of the body.

11. LUNG VOLUME
 Lung volumes are also known as respiratory volumes. It refers to the
volume of gas in the lungs at a given time during the respiratory
cycle.(measured by spirometer)
 Tidal volume(TV) : This is the amount of air passing in & out of lungs
during each cycle of breathing(15 cycles/min)
 Inspiratory reserve volume(IRV) : This is the extra volume of air
inhaled into lungs during maximal inspiration. i.e. above normal TV
 Expiratory reserve volume(ERV) : This is the extra volume of air
expelled from the lungs during maximal expiration.
 Residual volume(RV) : It is the volume of air remaining in the lungs
after expiration.

12. LUNG CAPACITY
 Lung capacity or total lung capacity (TLC) is the volume of air in the
lungs upon the maximum effort of inspiration. Among healthy adults,
the average lung capacity is about 6 liters.
 Inspirational capacity(IC) = Tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve volume
 Functional residual capacity(FRC) = Residual volume + Expiratory
reserve volume
 Vital capacity(VC) – This is the maximum volume of air which can be
moved in & out of the lungs.
VC = Tidal volume + IRV + ERV
 Total lung capacity(TLC) – It is the sum of all volume.
=TV + IRV + ERV + RV

14. ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
 Artificial ventilation (also called artificial respiration) is
a means of breathing induced by some manipulative
technique when natural respiration has ceased or is
faltering. Such techniques, if applied quickly and
properly, can prevent deaths.