Adult health nursing breast cancer prepared by Ahmar student of bsn 2nd year

1. Breast cancer
Adult Health Nursing 1

2. What is the anatomy of the breasts?
• Adipose tissue: Your breast is mainly made up of fatty tissue (adipose tissue). It
extends from your collarbone to your armpit and across your ribcage.
• Lobes: Each breast has between 15 to 20 lobes, or sections. These lobes surround
your nipple like spokes on a wheel.
• Glandular tissue (lobules): These small sections of tissue found inside lobes have
tiny bulblike glands at the end that produce milk.
• Milk (mammary) ducts: These small tubes, or ducts, carry milk from glandular
tissue (lobules) to your nipples.
• Nipples: The nipple is in the center of your areola. Each nipple has about nine
milk ducts, as well as hundreds of nerves.

3. Conti:
• Areolae: The areola is the circular darker-colored area of skin surrounding your
nipple. Areolae have glands called Montgomery’s glands that secrete a lubricating
oil. This oil protects your nipple and skin from chafing during breastfeeding.
• Blood vessels: Blood vessels circulate blood throughout your breasts, chest and
body.
• Lymph vessels: Part of your lymphatic system, these vessels transport lymph, a
fluid that helps your body’s immune system fight infection. Lymph vessels
connect to lymph nodes, which are found under your armpits, in your chest and in
other places.
• Lymph nodes: Small organs that help fight infection.
• Nerves: Nipples have hundreds of nerve endings, which

5. Overview
• Breast cancer is a disease in which abnormal breast cells grow out of control and
form tumours. If left unchecked, the tumours can spread throughout the body and
become fatal.
• Breast cancer cells begin inside the milk ducts and/or the milk-producing lobules
of the breast. The earliest form (in situ) is not life-threatening. Cancer cells can
spread into nearby breast tissue (invasion). This creates tumours that cause lumps
or thickening.
• Invasive cancers can spread to nearby lymph nodes or other organs (metastasize).
Metastasis can be fatal.
• Treatment is based on the person, the type of cancer and its spread. Treatment
combines surgery, radiation therapy and medications.

6. Types of breast cancer
• Breast cancer is often divided into either:
• non-invasive breast cancer – found in the ducts of the breast (ductal
carcinoma) which has not spread into the breast tissue surrounding the
ducts. Non-invasive breast cancer is usually found during a
mammogram and rarely shows as a breast lump.
• invasive breast cancer – where the cancer cells have spread through
the lining of the ducts into the surrounding breast tissue. This is the
most common type of breast cancer.

7. Angiosarcoma
• Angiosarcoma is a rare type of cancer that forms in the lining of the blood vessels
and lymph vessels. The lymph vessels are part of the immune system. The lymph
vessels collect bacteria, viruses and waste products from the body and dispose of
them.
• Ductal carcinoma
• Is the presence of abnormal cells inside a milk duct in the breast.
• Inflammatory breast cancer
• Inflammatory breast cancer is a rare type of breast cancer that develops rapidly,
making the affected breast red, swollen and tender.
• Inflammatory breast cancer occurs when cancer cells block the lymphatic vessels
in skin covering the breast, causing the characteristic red, swollen appearance of
the breast.

9. Paget's disease of the breast
• Paget disease of the breast (also known as Paget disease of the nipple
and mammary Paget disease) is a rare type of cancer involving the
skin of the nipple and, usually, the darker circle of skin around it,
which is called the areola

10. What are the breast cancer stages?
• Stage 0. The disease is non-invasive. This means it hasn’t broken out of your
breast ducts.
• Stage I. The cancer cells have spread to the nearby breast tissue.
• Stage II. The tumor is either smaller than 2 centimeters across and has spread to
underarm lymph nodes
• Stage III. At this stage, the cancer has spread beyond the point of origin. It may
have invaded nearby tissue and lymph nodes, but it hasn’t spread to distant organs
• Stage IV. The cancer has spread to areas away from your breast, such as your
bones, liver, lungs or brain. Stage IV breast cancer is also called metastatic breast
cancer

11. Causes
• Age – the risk increases as you get older
• A family history of breast cancer
• A previous diagnosis of breast cancer
• A previous non-cancerous (benign) breast lump
• Radiation exposure. .
• Menopause at an older age
• Drinking alcohol
• Hormone replacement therapy. People who use hormone replacement therapy
(HRT) have a higher risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer.

12. Symptoms
• New lump in the breast or underarm (armpit).
• Thickening or swelling of part of the breast.
• Irritation or dimpling of breast skin.
• Redness in the nipple area or the breast.
• pain in the nipple area.

13. Diagnosis
• Breast examination
• needle aspiration
• Mammogram
• Ultrasonography
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

14. Treatment
Breast cancer surgery involves removing the cancerous portion of your breast and an
area of normal tissue surrounding the tumor. There are different types of surgery
depending on your situation, including:
Lumpectomy. Also called a partial mastectomy, a lumpectomy removes the tumor
and a small margin of healthy tissue around it. Typically, some of the lymph nodes —
in your breast or under your arm — are also removed for evaluation. People who have
a lumpectomy often have radiation therapy in the weeks following the procedure.
Mastectomy. Removal of your entire breast is another option.
Axillary lymph node dissection. If multiple lymph nodes are involved by the cancer,
an axillary lymph node dissection may be done to remove them.
chemotherapy for breast cancer before a lumpectomy in an effort to shrink the tumor.
Radiation therapy for breast cancer:is typically given after a lumpectomy or
mastectomy to kill remaining cancer cells