Cloning

1. CLONING
‘Impact of Biotechnology’
Presented By: AHMAD BUKHARI
MS Bio-Sciences
Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (CIRBS), IIUI Pakistan.

2. CONTENT OUTLINE
 INTRODUCTION
 HISTORY
 CLASSIFICATION OF CLONING
 PROCEDURES
 APPLICATIONS
 SCIENTIFIC CONCERNS INVOLVED IN CLONING
 ETHICALASPECTS
 VIDEO ANIMATION

3. Cloning
• The process of producing similar
populations of genetically identical
individuals

4. Cloning & Biotechnology
• Processes used to create copies
of DNA fragments, cells,
or organisms.

5. History
• 1952: Scientists cloned frogs from blastula cells, but fail to produce tadpoles from
differentiated cells.
• 1962: John Gurdon claimed to clone frogs using the nucleus of an adult intestinal cell.
Others were unable to reproduce his results, his findings were called into question.
• 1966: Discovery of which codons specify the amino acids.
• 1973: E. coli turned into first recombinant DNA organism.
• 1977-1979: Illmensee claims to have cloned mice. Others fail to clone mammals, deem his
work “scientifically worthless.”
• 1983-1986: Various mammals are successfully cloned from embryonic cells.
• 1990: Human Genome Project begins.
• 1996: Dolly is born.
• 2004: Dr. Hwang Woo Suk claimed to have cloned human embryos. His work is not able
to be replicated.
• 2006: Dr. Hwang fired from Seoul University as evidence arises he faked some of his
work on stem cells

6. Classes of Cloning
• Natural Cloning
• Molecular Cloning
• Cell Cloning
• Organism Cloning

7. Natural Cloning

8. Molecular Cloning

9. Cell Cloning
o Unicellular/Multicellular cloning
o Embryonic Stem Cells cloning

10. Organism Cloning
Ex: Dolly Sheep

11. Procedures
 Therapeutic cloning
 Reproductive cloning
 Replacement cloning

12. Therapeutic Cloning

13. Reproductive Cloning

14. Replacement Cloning

16. APPLICATIONS OF CLONING
 Genetically-Modified
Organisms
 Transgenic Animals & Plants
 Infertility Patients
 Cosmetic Surgery
 Organ Transplants
 Rejuvenation
 Health Improvement

17. Genetically Modified Organisms
 The possibility of xenotransplantation
 Disease-resistant Farm Animals
 Herbicide resistant crops
 Drought resistant crops

18. Transgenic Animals
 Animal modeling
 Research & treatments
 Gene knock-in/knock-out
 Gene Expressions

19. Infertility Patients
 Will allow infertility patients to have their own
biological child (current infertility treatments are
only about 10% effective and very costly)
 Will allow parents to have offspring that are free
of genetic disease (cystic fibrosis, Sickle-cell
etc…)

20. Cosmetic Surgery
 Doctors will be able to manufacture bone, fat,
connective tissue, or cartilage that matches the
patients tissues exactly
 This would prevent problems with silicone leaking
or immune disease associated with plastic surgery
 Plastic surgeries, breast augmentations,
reconstructive surgeries would be much safer

21. New Possibilities for Organ Transplants
 Organs, such as livers and kidneys,
could be cloned
 These clones would be more
successful than current transplants
because they are created from the
patient’s body and would be free of
immune disease reactions

22. Rejuvenation
 Some researchers believe that
some of the effects of aging could
be reversed in the future with the
use of cloning

23. Health Improvement Opportunities
 Heart Disease
 Defective Genes
 Spinal Cord Injury Victims
 Genetic Testing

24. Extremely High Failure Rate
Problems During Later Development
Health Concerns
SCIENTIFIC CONCERNS/RISKS
INVOLVED IN CLONING

25. ASPECTS OF ETHICS
• Decline in genetic diversity.
• Taking nature into our own hands.
• Religious and moral reasons.
• Physical problems, such as birth defects.
• Possibility of mental and emotional problems of
the clone.

26. Thank you!