4. Contents
โข Hardware Architecture,
โข Pinouts,
โข Functional Building Blocks of Processor,
โข Memory organization,
โข I/O ports and data transfer concepts,
โข Timing Diagram,
โข Interrupts.
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5. Introduction
What is a Microprocessor?
โข Microprocessor is a controlling unit of a micro-
computer, fabricated on a small chip capable of
performing ALU (Arithmetic Logical Unit)
operations and communicating with the other
devices connected to it.
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6. Block Diagram of a Basic Microcomputer
Microprocessor consists of an ALU, register array, and a
control unit. ALU performs arithmetical and logical operations
on the data received from the memory or an input device. The
control unit controls the flow of data and instructions within
the computer.
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8. How does a Microprocessor Work?
โข The microprocessor follows a sequence: Fetch,
Decode, and then Execute.
โข Initially, the instructions are stored in the memory
in a sequential order.
โข The microprocessor fetches those instructions
from the memory, then decodes it and executes
those instructions till STOP instruction is reached.
โข Later, it sends the result in binary to the output
port.
โข Between these processes, the register stores the
temporarily data and ALU performs the computing
functions.
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9. Features of a Microprocessor
โข Cost-effective โ The microprocessor chips are
available at low prices and results its low cost.
โข Size โ The microprocessor is of small size chip,
hence is portable.
โข Low Power Consumption โ Microprocessors are
manufactured by using metaloxide semiconductor
technology, which has low power consumption.
โข Versatility โ The microprocessors are versatile as
we can use the same chip in a number of
applications by configuring the software program.
โข Reliability โ The failure rate of an IC in
microprocessors is very low, hence it is reliable.
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10. Applications of Microprocessor
Microprocessors are mainly used in devices like:
โข Computers
โข Calculators
โข Accounting system
โข Games machine
โข Complex industrial controllers
โข Traffic light
โข Military applications
โข Defense systems
โข Computation systems
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