4. Shoulder
⇒ Glenohumeral (GH)
⇒ Scapulothoracic (ST)
⇒ Acromioclavicular joint (ACJ)
⇒ Sternoclavicular joint (SCJ)
• Elevation of arm 30° (2:1) = 20° GH + 10° ST
• ST movements elevate arm to 65° in absence of GH
movements - “Shrugging mechanism”.
5. Shoulder Anatomy
• Most mobile joint of body
• Glenoid to humeral head ratio is 4:1
• Make shoulder most mobile but relatively unstable joint
• Stability is almost totally dependent upon the synergism of the
musculotendinous units
6. • The muscles and a lack of
restrictive bony or
ligamentous structure give
the shoulder tremendous
range of motion.
• It also makes the
shoulder very
vulnerable to outside
forces
7. Anterior Stabilizers
•Subscapularis Tendon
•Anterior Labrum
•Anterior Capsular Ligaments
•Coraco Humeral, GH, Inferior GH Ligament
•Inferior may be the most important ligament in the
shoulder
•Anterior Synovial pouches and bursae
16. STATIC STABILIZERS
Normal anatomical structures which are constraints to humeral head translation
like ligaments.
DYANAMIC STABILIZERS
Structures whose normal physiological action creates a stabilizing effect like
muscles
17. DISLOCATION OF THE SHOULDER
JOINT
• ANTERIOR
• POSTERIOR
• INFERIOR (LUXATIO ERECTAE)
18. MECHANISM OF INJURY AND CLINICAL
FEATURES OF ANTERIOR
GLENOHUMERAL DISLOCATIONS
• Caused by fall on an outstretched hand
Clinically characterized by
• Shoulder in abduction and external rotation
• Positive Dugas test
• Positive Hamilton ruler test
• Positive Callaway’s test
28. NON-OPERATIVE TREATMENT PROTOCOL
• All patients< 30 yrs shoulder immobilized for 3 wks
• Patients 30-40yrs shoulder immobilized for 1-2 wks
• Patients >40 yrs the shoulder immobilized for 1 wks
29. Recurrent anterior Shoulder Dislocation
Problem Assessment
• 50% of all major joint dislocation (Anterior-97%)
• Extreme Rotation can make shoulder to pop out
• High chance of recurrence. (14-100%)
• If left untreated can lead to recurrence further leading to
Osteoarthritis
30. Recurrence Rate after First time Anterior
Shoulder Dislocation
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 >35
Recurrence
Rate
Age In Years
Male Female
Robinson CM, Howes J, Murdoch H, Will E, Graham C. Functional outcome and
risk of recurrent instability after primary traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation in
young patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am.2006;88:2326-2336
31. COMPLICATIONS
• Neurovascular damage
• Recurrence
Age is the single most important factor for developing recurrent
instability.
• Patient <20 yrs.recurrence is > 85%
• Patient > 40 yrs. recurrence is < 6%
35. FOR RECURRENT ANTERIOR INSTABILITY
• Medially displaced labrum mobilized and reattached to glenoid rim with suture
anchors- ARTHROSCOPIC BANKART PROCEDURE
36.
37. Laterjet Procedure
• Coracoid Transfer procedure
• Most commonly performed surgery for glenoid bone loss
• Increases Glenoid Track
• Dynamic transfer due to conjoint tendon sling
• Acromioclavicular ligament can be used to repair capsulolabral
complex
41. MECHANISM OF INJURY AND SITE OF
FRACTURE
• DIRECT IMPACT
• INDIRECT IMPACT : Fall on an utstretched hand
SITE OF FRACTURE
• 85% occur at junction of middle and outer thirds
• Lateral and medial end fractures uncommon
47. CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT
• ABOUT 80-85% FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL HUMERUS CAN BE
TREATED CONSERVATIVELY
• INDICATED IN NEER’S TYPE I AND II
• PATIENTS WITH POOR SURGICAL RISK
48. OPERATIVE TREATMENT
• NEER’S TYPE III AND IV FRACTURES
• FRACTURE DISLOCATIONS
• ASSOCIATED NEUROVASCULAR INJURY
Inherently unstable Joint- Shallow glenoid that Articulated with a part of humeral head
Trauma, Contact Sports, Motor Vehicle Accidents being common causes
Age at the time of initial dislocation –Younger patient more likely to have recurrence
Limited evidence supports surgery in first time dislocators esp young, male and involved in contact sport or high demand activities