Everything you need to know about a disaster and their management. The slides start with an introduction of disaster their types, effects, and preventions to the initiatives taken by the government to manage reliefs and readiness.

1. SHREE RAMKRISHNA INSTITUTE OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
PRESENTEDBY:~
Abhinandan kumar
Dept- Mechanical eng.
Subject-Professional Practices-III
Semester- 5th
Roll- 12
Section-A
Topic- Disaster Management: (Principle and Preparedness)

3. ● Disaster- dis·as·ter
What is a DISASTER?
(noun) An occurrence
causing widespread
destruction & distress
● A catastrophe.
● A grave misfortune

4. Hazard
A phenomenon that has the
potential to cause
disruption or damage to
people and their
environment

5. Exposure
Hazard Disaster Vulnerability
Risk
Location

6. AIMS OF DISASTER
MANAGEMENT ● Reduce (Avoid, if
possible) the potential
losses from hazards
● Assure prompt and
appropriate assistance to
victims when necessary.
● Achieve rapid and
durable recovery

8. Natural
Disasters

9. Natural Disasters
❏ Some natural disasters
like floods and
volcanoes, advance
warning may be there
❏ Others like
earthquakes, tsunami
may or may not warning

10. Man
Made
Disaster

11. Man-made Disasters
Man-made
Disasters
● Chemical Plant
Explosion
● Industrial Accident
● Building Collapse
● Acts of Terror

12. Natural ‘n’ man made
❏ Filling of wetlands
❏ Unauthorised
constructions
❏ Destructions of hills
❏ Deforestations
❏ Kerala flood
❏ Chennai Flood
❏ Recent Kerala
land slides

13. What is it?
Disaster scenarios once seemed merely
theoretical have become a disturbing reality

14. Just like
apples
●
● Disasters in the
communities come in
all shapes and sizes

15. Small
● Small Some impact
a small number of
people
● Intense demands on
the health system for
a short period E.g.
Hooch Tragedy

16. Large
● Large Others involve
a large number of
casualties
● Reach a plateau only
after a latent period
● Placing heavy
continuing demands
on the system

17. Hospitals can quickly be overwhelmed
in the event of a disaster

18. Developed or not
● Example, after the terrorist bombing in Bali in 2002,15
patients requiring mechanical ventilation were sent to
an Australian hospital
● Serial bomb blast in Ahmedabad including Hospital

19. Why we are not prepared?
❏ Traditional approach fail
❏ Need equipment
❏ Need training
❏ Needs Rs Rs Rs Rs Rs
❏ Fear of the unknown “It can’t
happen here” “Not interested”
❏ Inherent lethargy

20. So what?
Planning and
preparedness, would
allow for a better,
more efficient use of
material and human
resources

21. Preparedness helped a lot
in reducing damages

22. ❏ Odisha - Cyclone: Mass Evacuation
❏ Okhi disaster response in Kerala
Tell you why you
need to be prepared

23. Odisha - Cyclone

24. Okhi - Kerala
Less
prepared
???

25. Key Points:
Mitigation( Prevention) involves
Structural and Non-structural
measures taken to limit the impact
of disasters
Achieved through risk analysis, which results in
information that provides a foundation for
mitigation activities that reduce risk, and
insurance that protects financial investment

27. Integration
cyclone
BEFORE DURING AFTER
Jan - Apr MAY June- Oct
Well Before
Weeks-Months
Just Before -
Hours
Actual Time
Period
Rescue Relief Rehabilitation Reconstruction

28. Need for Training
● Training of the volunteer groups
● Training of existing medical and paramedical staff
is more realistic

29. Kerala floods : Fishermen as life savers
❏ Utilization of
local resources
❏ Empowerment
of local forces

30. Hospitals need to be prepared
❏ Hospitals need to be prepared
❏ First institutions to be affected
after any form of disasters,
are the hospitals; whether
natural or man-made.
❏ Preparing Nurses
,Paramedic and other hospital
staff is important

31. Mass Casualty Incident
Any incident that exceeds the
responder’s or receiving
hospital’s capability to treat
or transport is a Mass
Casualty Incident

32. Multiple Casualty Incident
● Resources are
not overwhelmed
● Multiple victims

33. Disaster Management Plan
Need documented
DM plan
❏ Internal Disaster
❏ External Disaster

34. Systematic Approach
1. Command and Control
2. Safety - Self / Scene/
Survivor
3. Communication -
METHANE
4. Assessment
5. Triage , Treatment,
Transport
DM Plan -
Components

35. This is a mnemonic which can help rescuers remember
critical information about disaster response and triage
D–I–S–A–S–T–E–R
PARADIGM

36. Disaster Paradigm
D: Detection
I: Incident Command
S: Safety & Security
A: Assess Hazards
S: Support
T: Triage ,Transport & Treatment
E: Evacuation
R: Reallocation & Redeployment

37. D-I-S-A-S-T-E-R
Detection
● Internal
● External
● Simple clear plan for notification
of administration of the presence
of a disaster

38. Disaster
Stand by
Declared

39. Cordon
off Zones
Bronze
Incident
Silver
Gold

40. DECON
Corridor
HOT ZONE
Wind
Support Area
Command center
Disaster scenario in Toxic
substance exposure

41. Media
Civil
defence
Entry Road
Smart
Team
Other rescue Mortuary
Agencies
Army
Disaster Emergency
Area Medical
Services
Operation areas Rest Area
for specialised
Fire &
Search &
Victims
Rescue units Rescue
family
Police center
MANAGEMENT
:
Onsite
Food On site
supply Command post
Rescue & Rehab agencies
NGOs and Voluntary bodies
❏ DM at site based
on Zonal approach
❏ The movement
across zones will be
strictly controlled

42. D-I-S-A-S-T-E-R
Incident Command
❏ Born in Fire Service
❏ Uniform structure
❏ Clearly delineated
Roles &
Responsibilities
❏ Clear chain of
Command&
Communication

43. Incident Command System
Basics
1. Unified Command
Planning Operations
2. Finance Logistics
3. “Commander” “Thinkers”
“Getters” “Doers” “Payers”

44. Incident Command System
● Incident Command
System Chief Of
Operations(COO)
● Chain of command under
the Operations Chief
● Note the distribution of
Branches under COO

47. D-I-S-A-S-T-E-R
Support
● National Ministry, State
Ministry and the public
health departments
like DHS and DME
● Fire departments
● Law enforcing
agencies

48. D-I-S-A-S-T-E-R
Assess Hazards
● Be Aware of
Secondary Devices!
● Bombs
● Incapacitating Devices
● Multiple
Snipers/Terrorists
● Delay Devices

49. D-I-S-A-S-T-E-R
Safety and Security
Ensure protection of staff
handling disasters using
❏ Personal Protective
Equipment
❏ Decontamination
❏ Isolation protocols

50. D-I-S-A-S-T-E-R
Triage
For any hospital
while responding to
a mass casualty
event; the goal is to
save as many lives
as possible with the
available resources

51. D-I-S-A-S-T-E-R
Triage
● This could mean
application of the
principles of field
triage in casualty
● The purpose of
which is to
determine who
gets what kind
of care

52. D-I-S-A-S-T-E-R
Triage
● The term comes
from the French
verb trier
● Meaning to
separate, sort,
sift or select

53. D-I-S-A-S-T-E-R
Triage
A process of prioritizing
patients based on the severity
of their condition, in order to
treat as many as possible when
resources are insufficient

54. D-I-S-A-S-T-E-R
Triage
All to be treated
immediately is
impossible, so one
has to select the
suitable patients
for immediate
care based on
certain criteria ❏ Right Patient
❏ Right Place
❏ Right Time

55. D-I-S-A-S-T-E-R
Triage
Colour Category Time span
Red Emergent Within 15 minutes
Yellow Urgent Within 30 minutes
Green Delayed Within 60 minutes
Black Deceased Post mortem

56. Delayed Able to walk
Yes
No
Triage
Sieve
Look for Breathing
Yes
No
Normal Breathing ?
Yes
Normal Capillary refill?
Yes No
Normal Capillary refill?
Open airway & Look for
movements/ Respiration
No
Yes No
Immediate
Dead
Yes
No
Follow commands? No
Yes
Urgent

58. D-I-S-A-S-T-E-R
Triage - Badge
● It is selected by
the Triage Nurse
/ officer and worn
on each patient
involved.
● It helps for any
other staff to
immediately
identify
seriousness of
the case

59. D-I-S-A-S-T-E-R
Triage - Tape
Instead of the
triage badge,
one may use
triage tape to
be worn around
the wrist

60. D-I-S-A-S-T-E-R
Triage - Tag

61. D-I-S-A-S-T-E-R
Triage - Nurse
❏ The triage nurse
should be in view
of the waiting area
of the casualty at
all times
❏ Prioritize the waiting
patients periodically

62. D-I-S-A-S-T-E-R
Triage - Nurse
● Greeting patients and families
in a warm, empathetic manner
● Performing brief
visual assessments
● Documenting the
assessments triaging
patients into priority groups
using appropriate guidelines

63. D-I-S-A-S-T-E-R
Triage - Nurse
● Ensuring necessary treatment
to deserving patients, returning
to the triage area
● Transporting patients to
treatment areas
● Giving reports to the
emergency physician, who is
treating the patient

64. D-I-S-A-S-T-E-R
Treatment
● Measuring the relevant
vital signs for appropriate
determination of triage level
● Reassessment of patients
remaining in the waiting room

65. D-I-S-A-S-T-E-R
Treatment
● Notifying patients and
their families of any
unavoidable delays
instructing patients
and families
● Triage up in any change
in their condition

66. D-I-S-A-S-T-E-R
Treatment
● Medications
● Antidotes
● Antibiotics
● Immunizations
● Prophylaxis
● Chelation

67. D-I-S-A-S-T-E-R
Evacuation
❏ A hospital might need to
be evacuated either
partially or wholly to
accommodate casualties
❏ Quarantine or divert
incoming patients

68. D-I-S-A-S-T-E-R
Evacuation
● The ground floor
services may need
to be shifted to
higher floors
Floods
● Recent Kerala floods
entire hospital was
evacuated ( Aster
Medcity- Kochi)

69. D-I-S-A-S-T-E-R
Evacuation
● Shift operation theatre to
be arranged
● Minor surgical procedures
in victims may have to be
undertaken in these
areas as it could mean
altered level of asepsis

70. D-I-S-A-S-T-E-R
Evacuation
Creating temporary
care sites in waiting
area which are not
normally designed to
provide medical care
❏ Hospital lobby
❏ Corridors
❏ Parking area
❏ Prayers area

71. D-I-S-A-S-T-E-R
Evacuation
❏ Patients may be
shifted to other
hospitals if the
services are
overwhelmed
❏ Need contact
numbers of all
possible facilities
❏ MOUs with
concerned part
of preparation

72. D-I-S-A-S-T-E-R
Evacuation
Changing roles and
strategies for who
provides various
kinds of care
enhancing the scope
of nurses, nursing
assistants and
paramedics

73. D-I-S-A-S-T-E-R
Evacuation
Major disasters
❏ Open relief camps
❏ Evacuate people
from affected
and prone area
to camps
❏ Medical camps

74. D-I-S-A-S-T-E-R
Reallocation
Allocating scarce
equipment in a way
that saves the
largest number of
lives in contrast to
the traditional focus
on saving individual
lives

75. D-I-S-A-S-T-E-R
Reallocation
❏ Re-allocating non
emergency and non-
clinical doctors to
emergency areas
❏ Recruiting retired or
unemployed persons
for temporary
service

76. D-I-S-A-S-T-E-R
Recovery
❏ Re-establish
infrastructure
❏ Psychological
Support/”Local
Debriefings”
❏ Economic recovery
❏ Insurance claims

77. D-I-S-A-S-T-E-R
Recovery
One key component
Ensuring adequate supplies of
qualified health care providers
who are available and willing
to serve in a Mass Casualty
event

78. Periodic Checks
A hospital's emergency
response plan shall
undergo periodic
assessment and
evaluation whether the
plan addresses all issues

79. Potential Disaster Risks for the Region and
plan customization
❏ Every hospitals should
identify the possible
disasters can occur in that
locality
❏ Customize the hospital
disaster plan accordingly
❏ Do table top exercises
❏ Networks with other
healthcare facilities
Festival related disaster -Kerala
Railway accidents ; Disaster

80. Hospital Disaster Drills
❏ An effective and
economical way to
improve clinicians'
knowledge of hospital
disaster procedures is
computer simulation
❏ Mock drills
❏ Post drill evaluation and
corrections of NCs

81. Hospital Disaster Drills
❏ To make new hospital
staff aware of procedures
in disaster response
❏ Train hospital staff to
respond to a unexpected
Mass Casualty
❏ It should be part of
Induction program
❏ Table top exercises

82. Hospitals Quality accreditations
Emphasis on DM preparedness
❏ JCI
❏ NABH
❏ NABH for
Emergency
medicine

83. METHANE communication
M- My Call sign
Major Incident Stand by or Declared
E - Exact location
T- Type of Incident
H- Hazards : Present / Potential
A – Access to Scene
N – Number and Severity
E -Emergency Services - Present and Required

84. Communication is the key word
❏ Internal and external
communications were
the key to effective
disaster response
❏ Updated phone numbers
for key players were vital
❏ Social media
❏ Cell phone
❏ Landline
❏ Walkie talkie Radio/
Ametuer Radios

85. Beware of fake news
Other side of Social media
❏ Social media can be
used so powerfully
in disaster scenarios
❏ Helped a lot in
Chennai
floods,Kerala floods
❏ Kozhikode
NIPAH outbreaks
❏ It also created
a huge issues
in spreading
fake news

86. ❏ Media should beMedia
addressed
properly
❏ Designated room
❏ Designated person
❏ Periodic
medical bulletin
❏ Informations
should be
shared based on
consensus from
experts

87. Ambulance Network : Disaster management
❏ Pivotal role in Rescue
❏ Medical Transport
❏ Relief camps
❏ Dead body handling

88. India : Statutory body to manage disasters

90. National Crisis Management Committee

91. Disaster Medicine
Training opportunities

92. Agencies supporting Disasters

93. Summary