This document summarizes a study on sleep. It discusses what sleep is, the sleep cycle and its stages, anatomy related to sleep, circadian rhythm, common sleep disorders, tips to improve sleep, and benefits of good sleep. The sleep cycle typically lasts 90 minutes and consists of NREM and REM sleep. Stages of NREM sleep include stages 1-3, which differ in depth and brain wave activity. REM sleep involves paralysis and vivid dreams. Factors like hypothalamus and circadian rhythm regulate sleep cycles. Common disorders include insomnia, sleepwalking, sleep apnea, and narcolepsy. Tips provided to improve sleep and benefits discussed are reduced disease risk, better memory and learning.

1. A brief study onA brief study on
Sleep.
Prof Abhijeet Bhattacharya.
KSD’s Model College, Dombivali,
Maharashtra, India.

2. Objectives of the study.
What is Sleep?
What is Sleep Cycle?
Stages of Sleep Cycle.Stages of Sleep Cycle.
Anatomy of Sleep.
Circadian rhythm.
Common type of Sleep disorders.
Tips to improve sleep pattern.
Benefits of Good Sleep.
Objectives of the study.
What is Sleep?
What is Sleep Cycle?
Stages of Sleep Cycle.Stages of Sleep Cycle.
Anatomy of Sleep.
Circadian rhythm.
Common type of Sleep disorders.
Tips to improve sleep pattern.
Benefits of Good Sleep.

3. The natural, easily reversible periodic
state of many living beings, that is
marked by the absence of wakefulnessmarked by the absence of wakefulness
and by the loss of consciousness of
one's surroundings, is accompanied by
a typical body posture (such as lying
down with the eyes closed).
What is Sleep?
he natural, easily reversible periodic
state of many living beings, that is
marked by the absence of wakefulnessmarked by the absence of wakefulness
and by the loss of consciousness of
one's surroundings, is accompanied by
a typical body posture (such as lying
down with the eyes closed).

4. EEG:
EOG:EOG:
EMG:
EKG:
Studying Sleep.
EEG:- Records Brain wave Activity.
EOG:- Records Eye Movement.EOG:- Records Eye Movement.
EMG:- Records Muscle Movement.
EKG:- Records activity of the heart.

5. Sleep Cycle


Sleep Cycle
Sleep cycles are part of our internal
biological “clocks” the regularly occurring
patterns of brain waves which occur while
we sleep. Sleep cycles typically last aroundwe sleep. Sleep cycles typically last around
ninety minutes to two hours, during which
time the brain cycles from NREM sleep
(slow-wave sleep) to REM sleep in which
we experience dreams.
Sleep cycle is usually considered essential
to the restoration and recovery of vital bodily
and mental functions

6. tages of Sleep Cycle.
Stage-1
 This NREM is also called transitional phase of
sleep and wakefulness.
 The brain waves measured by EEG has low The brain waves measured by EEG has low
amplitude. These waves are Theta waves with
frequency of 4-7Hz
 Muscles relax with occasional twitches.
 Heart beat and breathing reduces.
 Hypnagogic hallucination may be
experienced(Like falling or hearing some one
calling your name).
 Last for few minutes and it is the lightest sleep
of the entire sleep cycle.

7. Stages of Sleep Cycle
Stage-2
 It is deeper than Stage-1 sleep.
 Maximum amount of time is spent on this stage. Maximum amount of time is spent on this stage.
 Heartbeat and muscles slows down and muscles
relax further.
 Body temperature drops and eye movement
stops.
 Brain shows bursts of rapid rhythmic activity,
called sleep spindles and K- Complex.
 Last approximately 20 minutes.

8. Stages of Sleep Cycle
Stage-3
 It is deepest sleep.
 Blood Pressure and breathing rate further drops.
 Muscles too become more relaxed. Muscles too become more relaxed.
 Slow brain waves start, 50% of the brain waves
are delta waves with frequency of 1-3Hz
 Very difficult to arouse a person from Stage-3
Sleep.
 Somnambulism or sleep walking occur at this
stage.
 Lasts for 15 to 30 minutes.

9. Stages of Sleep Cycle.
REM Stage
Also called paradoxical sleep, because brain and other
systems become more active whereas voluntary muscles become
paralyzed!!paralyzed!!
Signal originates from Pons which shuts off signal to Spinal cord, leading to
temporary paralysis of voluntary muscles.
Rapid Eye movement occurs. Variable brain waves seen including alpha
waves with frequency of 8-13 Hz
Dreams occur (Less vivid dreams occur in other stages of sleep).
Approximately 20% of total sleep is spent in REM sleep.
Duration of REM increases after each sleep cycle.
Increase Blood Pressure and sexual arousal.
systems become more active whereas voluntary muscles become
Signal originates from Pons which shuts off signal to Spinal cord, leading to
Rapid Eye movement occurs. Variable brain waves seen including alpha
Dreams occur (Less vivid dreams occur in other stages of sleep).

10. Anatomy of
Sleep.
Hypothalamus:
arousal.
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN):
Hypothalamus help in matching Circadian rhythm
with light
Brain Stem (particularly Pons and Medulla) help
in REM sleep.in REM sleep.
Thalamus:
to cerebral cortex for dreams.
Pineal Body:
signal from SCN, putting us to sleep.
Basal part of fore brain, mid brain and Amygdala
also plays some part in sleep cycle.
Hypothalamus:- Control center for sleep and
arousal.
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN):- Present in
Hypothalamus help in matching Circadian rhythm
with light-dark cycles.
Brain Stem (particularly Pons and Medulla) help
in REM sleep.in REM sleep.
Thalamus:- During REM sleep relays information
to cerebral cortex for dreams.
Pineal Body:- Secretes Melatonin on receiving
signal from SCN, putting us to sleep.
Basal part of fore brain, mid brain and Amygdala
also plays some part in sleep cycle.

11. Circadian Rhythm
Circadian rhythms are 24-hour
cycles that are part of the body'scycles that are part of the body's
internal clock, running in the
background to carry out essential
functions and processes, including
our sleep-wake cycle.
Circadian rhythms are synchronized
with the “Master Clock”, SCN present
in the hypothalamus.
Circadian Rhythm

12. Sleep
Disorders
Insomnia:
make it hard to fall asleep, hard to stay asleep,
or cause a person to wake up too early and not
be able to get back to sleep.
Somnambulism:
consisting of a series of complex behaviors that
result in large movements in bed or walkingresult in large movements in bed or walking
during sleep. Mostly observed in children.
Enuresis, Bruxism & Somniloquy:
types of parasomnia causing urine incontinence,
teeth grinding and sleep talking respectively. Mostly
observed in children.
Insomnia:- A common sleep disorder that can
make it hard to fall asleep, hard to stay asleep,
or cause a person to wake up too early and not
be able to get back to sleep.
Somnambulism:- An arousal parasomnia
consisting of a series of complex behaviors that
result in large movements in bed or walkingresult in large movements in bed or walking
during sleep. Mostly observed in children.
Enuresis, Bruxism & Somniloquy:- These are also
types of parasomnia causing urine incontinence,
teeth grinding and sleep talking respectively. Mostly
observed in children.

13. Sleep
Disorders
Sleep Apnea
serious
repeatedly stops and starts.
Restless legs syndrome (RLS):
movement disorder, also called Willismovement disorder, also called Willis
disease, causes an uncomfortable sensation
and an urge to move the legs while one tries
to fall asleep.
Narcolepsy:
sleepiness during the day and falling asleep
suddenly during the day.
Sleep Apnea:- A potentially
serious sleep disorder in which breathing
repeatedly stops and starts.
Restless legs syndrome (RLS):- Sleep
movement disorder, also called Willis-Ekbommovement disorder, also called Willis-Ekbom
disease, causes an uncomfortable sensation
and an urge to move the legs while one tries
to fall asleep.
Narcolepsy:- Characterized by extreme
sleepiness during the day and falling asleep
suddenly during the day.

14. Tips for improving
Sleeping Pattern
Increase day light exposure.
Reduce blue light exposure ( like Cell Phone, Laptop).
Avoid Caffeine later in the day.
Avoid day time naps.
Have a fixed sleep-wake timing.Have a fixed sleep-wake timing.
Avoid Alcohol.
Optimize bedroom environment ( temperature, light,
noise, furniture’s).
Avoid heavy meals in the evening.
Have a relax mind. Meditation and breathing exercise
can help.
Reduce blue light exposure ( like Cell Phone, Laptop).
Optimize bedroom environment ( temperature, light,
Have a relax mind. Meditation and breathing exercise

15. Benefits of Sound
Sleep.
 People eat less than sleep deprived people, as hunger hormone
level Ghrelin is lower and Leptin level is higher.
 Increase concentration and productivity.
 Poor sleep has higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Poor sleep has higher risk of heart disease and stroke.
 Poor sleep affect Glucose metabolism. May lead to type-2
diabetes.
 Poor sleep can cause depression.
 Improves immune function (very important in current pandemic).
 Poor sleep leads to inflammation.
 Poor sleep leads to weigh gain.
 Essential for consolidation of memory and learning new things.

16. Have a Sound sleep.
Thank You!!Thank You!!
Have a Sound sleep.
Zzzzz….
Thank You!!Thank You!!