M.phil zoology

1. Types of pond
Safina Naz
Department of Zoology
Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

2. Fish Pond:
 A fish pond is a place where fish are kept and raised
for personal consumption or commercial purpose.
 Fish pond is stocked with fish and is used in
aquaculture for fish farming or is used for
recreational fishing or ornamental purposes.

3. Types of ponds
 Earthen Pond
 Concrete Pond
 Tarpaulin Pond
 Plastic Or Rubber Pond
 Fiberglass Tanks
 Cage Or Pen Ponds

4. Earthen Pond:
 Ponds that are entirely constructed from soil
materials.
 An earthen pond is constructed by digging a hole
that should be at least 1.5 meters deep.
Concrete Pond:
 Concrete pond is constructed by using block, sand
and cement
 These ponds can be constructed anywhere.
Tarpaulin Pond:
 These types of ponds are made of polyethylene
sheets which are water proof.

5.  Plastic Or Rubber Pond: These are made of plastic.
 Fiberglass Tanks: These ponds have concrete base
and wall are made up of concrete block and is
laminated with fiberglass.
 Cage Or Pen Ponds: These are ponds where fish are
held in floating net pens

7. Earthen vs concrete pond
 Fishes are reared in different culture media such as
ponds (concrete or earthen), (wooden or fiberglass)
and plastics.
 Among these culture system concrete and earthen
ponds are widely used.
 Earthen pond system is widely used as compared to
concrete pond because concrete pond system
required land which is costly and readily unavailable.

8. Contd
 Fishes cultivated in these environment has been
found to be contaminated by microorganism.
 The feed which is used for these fishes contain
organic materials and introduce a variety of
microorganism into the ponds
 High cost of feeding is the most important issue in
fish farming for which use of animal manure is
necessary to increase conventional feed in countries
like China, India and Nigeria.
 Organic manure release high concentration of
pathogenic microorganism into the ponds which is a
public health issue.

9. Contd
 Consumption of microorganism containing fishes
causes diseases in human and also act as reservoir of
antibiotic resistant organism that leads to treatment
failure.
 The microbial quality of concrete pond and earthen
pond are same but there is difference in the
concentration of nutrients. Concrete pond show
highest concentration of nutrients as compared to
earthen pond.

10. Contd
 The physiochemical parameters such as PH,
Temperature, Conductivity, Nitrate, Ammonia,
Sulphate and Phosphate of water samples in both
ponds did not vary significantly except
alkalinity(amount of dissolved Ca, Mg and other
compounds in water) which is higher in concrete
pond than in earthen pond.
 High alkalinity is due to leaching out of these
substances from the wall of concrete pond.
 Phosphate concentration in concrete pond is higher
than earthen pond due to building material use in
construction of ponds.

11. Plastic vs Earthen pond
 Metals and metal compounds such as lead, mercury,
cadmium and zinc are used in the manufacture of
plastic products.
 These metallic compound release from the plastic
into the environment when used as a pond.
 Fish accumulates these toxic chemicals in its body
tissues from water and hence posses an immediate
threat on the health of consumers of fish and fish
products from plastic ponds.

12. Contd
 Carbonaceous organic materials come mainly from
plastic pond, as a result of leaching of plastic
monomers into the pond water.
 Plastic pond water has higher level of dissolved
CO2as compared to earthen pond so acidity is higher
in plastic pond.
 Hardness of water is due to the presence of Ca+ and
Mg+ in water. The hardness of water in earthen pond
is higher then plastic pond because the water is in
direct contact with soil .

13. Contd
 Dissolved oxygen is lower in plastic pond then
earthen pond because the bottom zone of earthen
pond contain aquatic plants which release oxygen
prepared by photosynthesis
 Nitrate, Sulphate , and phosphate concentrations are
all lower in the earthen pond water then in the
plastic pond water. This is due to the fact that these
ions are utilized by plants growing in the earthen
pond.

14. Cage or pen ponds
 Cage pond aquaculture is a suitable culture system
for tilapia and Catfish to increase the production and
productivity for small farmers.
 In cage pond aquaculture high valued, feed
responsive fish species are fed on artificial diets in
cages suspended in ponds.
 Filter feeding fish species are stocked in such ponds
to utilizes natural food and cage wastes.
 Cage pond system has been practiced using
combinations of catfish-tilapia , tilapia-tilapia and
catfish-carps.
 Cage pond system is environment friendly because
less waste nutrients are released to the environment.

15. Refrences
1:Osawe M (2004). Catfish fingerlings production management
Techniques. Success Attitude Development center, (SADC) Lagos,
Nigeria. Workshop paper P.32.
2:Ezenwa BIO (2006). Aquaculture research and fish farm
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workshop on Niger Delta fisheries potentials. 10th to May 2006.
Port Harcourt, Nigeria. P.1-12.
3:Onome AD, Ebinimi A (2010). Comparative assessment of
water quality parameters of fresh water tidal earthen and
stagnant concrete tanks for fish production in Port Harcourt,
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16. 4:Omojowo FS, Omojasola PF (2013). Microbiological quality of
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17. Thanks