Reproductive System.pptx

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Abdullah Al Mehedi
Dept. of Pharmacy

Reproductive system :
• The reproductive system is a collection of internal and
external organs — in both males and females — that work
together for the purpose of procreating. Due to its vital
role in the survival of the species,reproductive system is
among the most important systems in the entire body..[1]

Reproductive system (cont.)
• Unlike most organ systems, the organs of differentiated
gender have significant differences. These differences
allow for a combination of genetic material between two
individuals, which allows for the possibility of greater
genetic fitness of the offspring.[2]

Fig 1:- Reproductive/Genital System

Functions of reproductive
system :
• The major function of the reproductive system is to
ensure survival of the species. Other systems in the body,
such as the endocrine and urinary systems, work
continuously to maintain homeostasis for survival of the
individual. An individual may live a long, healthy, and
happy life without producing offspring, but if the species
is to continue, at least some individuals must produce
offspring.[1]

Functions of reproductive system
(cont.)
Within the context of producing offspring, the
reproductive system has four functions :
• To produce egg and sperm cells,
• To transport and sustain these cells,
• To nurture the developing offspring,
• To produce hormones.[1]

(cont.)
• These functions are divided between the primary and
secondary or accessory reproductive organs.
• The primary reproductive organs or gonads consist of the
ovaries and testes.
1. These organs are responsible for producing the egg and
sperm cell, gametes and hormones.
2. These hormones function in the maturation of the
reproductive system, the development of sexual

(cont.)
development of sexual characteristics and regulation of
the normal physiology of the reproductive system.
• All other organs, ducts, and glands in the reproductive
system are considered secondary or accessory
reproductive organs.
1. These structures transport and sustain the gametes and
nurture the developing offspring.[1]

Organs of reproductive system:
• Organs of a reproduction system differs between gender.
For example, reproductive organs of a male are different
than that of female reproductive organs.
• Each of these reproductive organs are discussed below :

Male Genital Organs :
• The male reproductive system consists of a number of
sex organs that play a role in the process of human
reproduction. These organs are located on the outside of
the body and within the pelvis.
• Important organs related to reproduction are discussed
below -

Male Genital Organs (cont.)
• Penis :
The penis is the male intromittent organ. It
has a long shaft and an enlarged bulbous-shaped tip
called the glans penis, which supports and is
protected by the foreskin. The penis is supplied by
the pudendal artery.[3] When the male becomes
sexually aroused, the penis Becomes erect and ready
for sexual activity. Erection occurs because sinuses
within the erectile tissue of the penis become filled
with

Male genital organs (cont.)
blood. The arteries of the penis are dilated while
the veins are compressed so that blood flows into
the erectile cartilage under pressure.[4]
• Scrotum :
The scrotum is a pouch-like structure that
hangs behind the penis. It holds and protects the
testicles. It also contains numerous nerves and
blood vessels. During times of lower
temperatures,

the Cremaster muscle contracts and pulls the
scrotum closer to the body, while the Dartos muscle
gives it a wrinkled appearance; when the
temperature increases, the Cremaster and Dartos
muscles relax to bring down the scrotum away from
the body and remove the wrinkles respectively.The
scrotum remains connected with the abdomen or
pelvic cavity by the inguinal canal.[5]

• Testis :
Testis has two major functions: To produce
sperm by meiotic division of germ cells within the
seminiferous tubules, and to synthesize and secrete
androgens that regulate the male reproductive functions.
The site of production of androgens is the Leydig cells that
are located in the interstitium between seminoferous
tubules.[6]

• Epididymis :
The epididymis is a long whitish mass of
tightly coiled tube. The sperm that are produced in the
seminiferous tubules flow into the epididymis. During
passage via the epididymis, the sperm undergo maturation
and are concentrated by the action of ion channels
located on the apical membrane of the epididymis.[7]

• Vas deferens :
The vas deferens, which is also known as
the sperm duct, is a thin tube approximately 30
centimetres (0.98 ft) long that starts from the epididymis
to the pelvic cavity. It carries the spermatozoa from the
epididymis to ejaculatory duct.[8]

•Accessory glands :
The accessory glands provide fluids that
lubricate the duct system and nourish the sperm cells.
There are three accessory glands in a male reproductive
system, they are -
1. Seminal vesicles,
2. The prostate gland, and
3. The bulbourethral glands (Cowper glands).[9]

1. Seminal vesicles :
At ejaculation, sperm pass through vas
deferens While mixing with fluid from the seminal
vesicle (see Fig 1&2). The paired seminal vesicles
contributes approximately 60 percent of the semen
volume. These fluid contains large amounts of
fructose.The fluid, now containing both sperm and
seminal vesicle secretions moves into the next
structure, the prostate gland.

2. The prostate gland :
The centrally located prostate gland sits
anterior to the rectum at the base of the bladder
surrounding the prostatic urethra (see Fig 1&2). The
prostate is formed of both muscular and glandular
tissues. It excretes an alkaline, milky fluid to the
passing semen .thIs fluid is critical to first coagulate
and then decoagulate the semen following
ejaculation. The temporary thickening

of semen helps retain it within the female reproductive
tract, providing time for sperm to utilize the fructose
provided by seminal vesicle secretions to move through
the female reproductive tract. When the semen regains its
fluid state, sperm can then pass farther into the female
reproductive tract.

3. The bulbourethral glands :
The final addition to semen is made by two
bulbourethral glands (or Cowper’s glands) that
release a thick, salty fluid that lubricates the end of
the urethra and the vagina, and helps to clean urine
residues from the penile urethra. The fluid from
these accessory glands is released after the male
becomes sexually aroused, and shortly before the
release of the semen. It is therefore

sometimes called pre-ejaculate. It is important to note
that, in addition to the lubricating proteins, it is possible
for bulbourethral fluid to pick up sperm already present in
the urethra, and therefore it may be able to cause
pregnancy.

Function of male genital sytem :
• The function of the male reproductive system is to
produce androgens such as testosterone that maintain
male reproductive function and to promote
spermatogenesis and transport into the female
reproductive system for fertilization. The testes act as
both endocrine and exocrine organs in that they are
responsible for androgen production and sperm
production and transport.

Diseases of male genital system :
• Erectile dysfunction (ED):
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is sexual dysfunction
characterized by the regular and repeated inability of
a sexually mature individual to obtain or maintain an
erection. It is a common disorder that affects about
40 percent of people with penises.
Specific causes of ED include both physiological and
psychological causes. Physiological causes

Diseases of male genital system(cont.)
include the use of therapeutic drugs, vaging, kidney
failure, diseases (such as diabetes) , smoking, and
treatments for other disorders. Psychological causes
are less common but may include stress, performance
anxiety, or mental disorders.
• Epididymitis:
Epididymitis is inflammation of the
epididymis. Discomfort or pain and swelling in the

scrotum are typical symptoms of epididymitis, which
is a relatively common condition, especially in young
individuals. In the U.S. Alone, more than half a
million cases of epididymitis are diagnosed annually
between the ages of 18 to 35.
• Prostate cancer :
prostate cancer is the most coMmon type of
cancer and the second leading cause of

cancer death in people carrying prostate gland. About 80
percent of Americans individuals with the prostate will have
cancerous cells in their prostate gland by the age of 80.
• Testicular cancer :
Reproductive cancer that is rare and most
commonly affects young individuals is testicular cancer. The
risk of testicular cancer is about four to five times greater in
individuals of European than African ancestry. The cause of this
difference is unknown.

Female genital organs :
• The female reproductive system is made up of the
internal and external sex organs that function in
reproduction of new offspring. In humans, the
female reproductive system is immature at birth
and develops to maturity at puberty to be able to
produce gametes, and to carry a foetus to full term.
• The internal sex organs are the uterus, Fallopian

Female genital organs (cont.)
tubes, and ovaries. The uterus or womb
accommodates the embryo which develops into the
foetus. The uterus also produces vaginal and uterine
secretions which help the transit of sperm to the
Fallopian tubes. The ovaries produce the ova (egg
cells).
• The external sex organs are also known as the
genitals and these are the organs of the vulva

vulva including the labia, clitoris, and vaginal
opening. The vagina is connected to the uterus at
the cervix.[10]
• Vulva :
The vulva consists of the external female sex
organs. The vulva includes the mons pubis (or mons
veneris), labia majora, labia minora, clitoris,
vestibular bulbs, vulval vestibule, urinary meatus,
the vaginal opening, hymen, and Bartholin’s and
Skene’s vestibular glands. The urinary meatus is

also included as it opens into the vulval vestibule.
Other features of the vulva include the pudendal
cleft, sebaceous glands, the urogenital triangle
(anterior part of the perineum), and pubic hair. The
vulva includes the entrance to the vagina, which
leads to the uterus, and provides a double layer of
protection for this by the folds of the outer and inner
labia. Pelvic floor muscles support the structures of
the vulva.[11]

• Vagina :
The vagina is a fibromuscular (made up
of fibrous and muscular tissue) canal leading from the
outside of the body to the cervix of the uterus or
womb. It is also referred to as the birth birth canal in
the context of pregnancyThe vagina accommodates
the male penis during sexual intercourse. Semen
containing spermatozoa is ejaculated from the male
at orgasm, into the vagina potentially enabling
fertilization of the egg cell (ovum) to take place.[12]

• Cervix :
The cervix is the neck of the uterus, the
lower, narrow portion where it joins with the upper
part of the vagina. It is cylindrical or conical in shape
and protrudes through the upper anterior vaginal wall.
Approximately half its length is visible, the remainder
lies above the vagina beyond view. The vagina has a
thick layer outside and it is the opening where the
fetus emerges during delivery.[13]

• Uterus :
The uterus or womb is the major
female reproductive organ. The uterus provides
mechanical protection, nutritional support, and
waste removal for the developing embryo
(weeks 1 to 8) and fetus (from week 9 until the
delivery). In addition, contractions in the
muscular wall of the uterus are important in
pushing out the fetus at the time of birth.

The uterus contains three suspensory ligaments that help
stabilize the position of the uterus and limits its range of
movement. The uterosacral ligaments keep the body from
moving inferiorly and anteriorly. The round ligaments
restrict posterior movement of the uterus. The cardinal
ligaments also prevent the inferior movement of the
uterus.

The uterus is a pear-shaped muscular organ. Its major
function is to accept a fertilized ovum which
becomes implanted into the endometrium, and
derives nourishment from blood vessels which
develop exclusively for this purpose. The fertilized
ovum becomes an embryo, develops into a fetus and
gestates until childbirth. If the egg does not embed in
the wall of the uterus, a female begins
menstruation.[14]

• Fallopian tube :
The Fallopian tubes are two tubes leading
from the ovaries into the uterus. On maturity of an
ovum, the follicle and the ovary’s wall rupture,
allowing the ovum to escape and enter the Fallopian
tube. There it travels toward the uterus, pushed
along by movements of cilia on the inner lining of the
tubes. This trip takes hours or days. If the ovum is
fertilized while in the Fallopian tube, then it
normally implants in the endometrium

when it reaches the uterus, which signals the
beginning of pregnancy.The fallopian tubes made
up of cillated columnar epithelium tissues.[15]
• Ovaries :
The ovaries are small, paired organs
located near the lateral walls of the pelvic cavity.
These organs are responsible for the production of
the egg cells (ova) and the secretion of

of hormones. The process by which the egg cell
(ovum) is released is called ovulation. The speed of
ovulation is periodic and impacts directly to the
length of a menstrual cycle.After ovulation, the egg
cell is captured by the Fallopian tube, after traveling
down the Fallopian tube to the uterus, occasionally
being fertilized on its way by an incoming sperm.
During fertilization the egg cell plays a role; it
releases certain molecules that

are essential to guiding the sperm and allows the surface
of the egg to attach to the sperm’s surface. The egg can
then absorb the sperm and fertilization can then begin.
The Fallopian tubes are lined with small hairs (cilia) to
help the egg cell travel.[16]

Physiology of female genital system
:
• The reproductive tract (or genital tract) is the lumen
that starts as a single pathway through the vagina,
splitting up into two lumens in the uterus, both of which
continue through the Fallopian tubes, and ending at the
distal ostia that open into the abdominal cavity.In the
absence of fertilization, the ovum will eventually
traverse the entire reproductive tract from the

Physiology of female genital system (cont.)
Fallopian tube until exiting the vagina through
menstruation.The reproductive tract can be used for
various transluminal procedures such as fertiloscopy,
intrauterine insemination, and transluminal sterilization.

Diseases of female genital system :
• Vaginitis :
Vaginitis is inflammation of the vagina, largely
caused by an infection. It is the most common
gynaecological condition presented. It is difficult to
determine any one organism most responsible for vaginitis
because it varies from range of age, sexual activity, and
method of microbial identification. Vaginitis is usually
diagnosed based on the presence of vaginal discharge,
which can have a certain color, odor, or quality.[17]

Diseases of female genital system (cont.)
• Bacterial vaginosis :
This is a vaginal infection in women. It differs
from vaginitis in that there is no inflammation.
Bacterial vaginosis is polymicrobial, consisting of
many bacteria species. The diagnosis for bacterial
vaginosis is made if three of the following four
criteria are present:
(1) Homogenous, thin discharge,
(2) a pH of 4.5 in the vagina,
(3) epithelial cells in the vagina with bacteria

attached to them, or
(4) a fishy odor.[17]
• Yeast infection :
This is a common cause of vaginal irritation and
according to the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention at least 75% of adult women have
experienced at least once in their lifetime. Yeast
infections are caused by an overgrowth of fungus in
the vagina known as Candida. Yeast infections

Diseases of female genital system
(cont.)
are usually caused by an imbalance of the pH in the
vagina, which is usually acidic. Other factors such as
pregnancy, diabetes, weakened immune systems,
tight fitting clothing, or douching can also be a
cause. Symptoms of yeast infections include itching,
burning, irritation, and a white cottage-cheese-like
discharge from the vagina. Women have also reported
that they experience

painful intercourse and urination as well. Taking a sample
of the vaginal secretions and placing them under a
microscope for evidence of yeast can diagnose a yeast
infection.[17]

Questions :-
1.What is reproductive system?what are the four major
functions of reproductive system?----1.5
2.Write down the organs of male and female reproductive
system?---1.5
3.What is ovulation ?What are the criteria for the
diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis ? ----2
4.Write a short discripton of on the physiology of male
and female reproductve system ?-----3
5.What is spermatogenesis?where does it occur?---1
6. What is the causes of ovulaton and yeast infecton?----1

References :
[1] Introduction to the Reproductive System. Epidemiology and End Results (SEER)
Program. (October 24, 2007), Wayback Machine.
[2] Reproductive System 2001. Body Guide powered by Adam.
[3] Keith L. Moore, T. V. N. Persaud, Mark G. Torchia, The Developing
Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology 10th Ed. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2015
[4] Richard E. Jones; Kristin H. Lopez (28 September 2013), Human Reproductive
Biology , Academic press . p. 352.
[5] Bogaert, Anthony F. (1997). “Genital asymmetry in men” . Human
Reproduction. 12 (1): 68–72.

References (Cont.)
[6] Sharma S, Hanukoglu A, Hanukoglu I (2018). "Localization of epithelial
sodium channel (ENaC) and CFTR in the germinal epithelium of the testis,
Sertoli cells, and spermatozoa". Journal of Molecular Histology. 49 (2): 195–
208.
[7] Sharma S, Hanukoglu I (2019). “Mapping the sites of localization of
epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and CFTR in segments of the mammalian
epididymis”. Journal of Molecular Histology. 50 (2): 141–154.
[8] Dr C Sharath Kumar, Ph D Thesis, University of Mysore, 2013.
[9] Darling, David. "male reproductive accessory glands". male
reproductive accessory glands.

References (cont.)
[10] Mahadevan, Harold Ellis, Vishy (2013). Clinical anatomy applied anatomy for
students and junior doctors (13th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell
[11] Tortora, Gerard J; Derrickson, Bryan (2008). Principles of anatomy and physiology
(12th ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Pp. 1107–1110.
[12] Jones T, Wear D, Friedman LD (2014). Health Humanities Reader. Rutgers
University Press. Pp. 231–232.
[13] Kurman RJ, ed. (1994). Blaustein’s Pathology of the Female Genital Tract (4th
ed.). New York, NY: Springer New York. Pp. 185–201.
[14] Tortora, G; Derrickson, B (2011). Principles of anatomy & physiology (13th. Ed.).
Wiley. P. 1105.

References (cont.)
[15] Eddy, Carlton A; Pauerstein, Carl J (December 1980). “Anatomy and
physiology of the fallopian tube”. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 23
(4): 1177–93.
[16] Williams gynecology. Hoffman, Barbara L., Williams, J. Whitridge
(John Whitridge), 1866-1931. (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.
2012
[17] Zaino, Nucci, & Kurman, Richard, Marisa, & Robert (2011). “Diseases
of the Vagina”. Diseas of the Vagina. Pp. 105–154.

Reproductive System.pptx

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Reproductive System.pptx

Similar to Reproductive System.pptx (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Reproductive System.pptx