The document provides details on various stages and materials used in road construction projects. It discusses 10 key stages: 1) site clearance through removing vegetation and structures, 2) surveying work including marking the centerline and levels, 3) earthwork such as creating embankments and preparing the subgrade, 4) laying non-bituminous subbase course using granular material, 5) creating earthen shoulders on both sides, 6) laying a non-bituminous base course using wet mix macadam, 7) applying different surface treatments like prime coat, 8) laying dense bituminous macadam and tack coat, 9) applying the bituminous surface course using bituminous concrete, and 10) ensuring

1. S.NO. CONTENT PAGE NO
1 INTRODUCTION
2 Site clearance
3 Survey Work
4 Earthwork
5 NON BITUMINOUS SUBBASE COURSE
6 EARTHEN SHOULDER
7 NON BITUMINOUS BASE COURSE
8 BITUMINOUS SURFACE COURSE
9 Types Of Roads
10 Roads Safety
TABLE OF CONTENTS

2. INTRODUCTION
 Developmentof a country depends on the connectivityof various
places with adequate road network.
 Roads constitute the most important mode of communication in
areas where railways have not developed much.
 India has one of the largest road networks in the world (over 3
million km at present).For the purpose of managementand
administration,roads in india are divided into followingfive
categories:
1. National Highways (NH)
2. State Highways (SH)
3. MajorDistrict Roads (MDR)
4. Other District Roads (ODR)
5. Village Roads (VR)
 Site Clearance Two Types Of Methods
 C & G (CLEARING & GRUBBING)
 ENCROACHMENT CLEARING
a.) C & G (CLEARING & GRUBBING) :-
A good construction practice to follow cutting, removingand disposing
of all unsuitablematerials such as trees, bushes shrubs,stump, roots,
grass, weeds,top organic soils up to a minimum depth of 150mm from
the road construction area known as site clearance-clearingand

3. grubbing(C&G).grass, weeds,top organic soils up to a minimum depth
of 150mm from the road construction area known as site clearance-
clearing and grubbing(C&G).
b.) ENCROACHMENT CLEARING :-
Decidingon the matter of whetherconstruction of a religious
structure (Temple)and attemptingto encroach upon the public
land is a fundamental or legal right,
 Survey Work Two Types Of Methods
 CENTERLINE & CHAINAGE MARKING
 OGL (ORIGINAL GROUND LEVEL ) RECORDINIG
a) CENTERLINE & CHAINAGE MARKING :-
Centerline markingis the primary survey part in road
construction.Centerline is useful while setting out for any road
construction work. So it is very essential markingcentre line
first, before any construction work.
b). OGL (ORIGINAL GROUND LEVEL ) RECORDINIG :-
Verification of existingground level prior to work commencing.This is
essential as the basis for all future measurementon site.
 EARTHWORK
 EMBANKMENT
 SUBGRADE
a.) EMBANKMENT:- Usually consistof soil but may also
include aggregate, rock, or crushed paving material.Al-
Mardoofis specialized & famous in embankmentwork based

4. on his competentengineers,supportive staff & big fleet of
modern equipment.Recently,Mardoofhas completed four
projects with a huge quantityof embankment7,509,786 m3.
Al-Mardoofstandard of work is fantastic and is example
amongother companies engaged in construction industry.
While embankment,Al-Mardoofmanagementtakes no
compromise and select good qualitymaterial that meets
required standards of MOT. During embankment,Al- Mardoof
engineers & lab technician also take special care on type of
material,material gradation,material gravity and densityto
achieve optimum results. Al- Mardoofis specialized in
common fill, rock fill and sand fill.
b.)SUBGRADE :- The sub-grade will need some basic
preparation to make it fit for construction purposes and this
process is known as 'sub-grade formation'.Al- Mardoof
engineers are well versed with sub-grade formulation because.

5. On every Al-Mardoofproject, subgrade beingcarried out by
separate team. The team is consist of engineers,foreman’s,
surveyor’s,lab technician and a set of latest equipment’s i.e.
graders, rollers, water trailers. Our engineers ensurethat
subgrade able to support loads transmitted from the
pavementstructure.Our lab technicians take special care on
verifying degree of compaction,moisture content, and type of
material beingused. Currently, subgrade beingcarried out on
our four ongoingprojects and Alhamdulillah ourwork
performance is excellent.
 NON BITUMINOUS SUBBASECOURSE
 GSB (GRANULAR SUB BASE)
Granular sub-base (GSB)

6. SUB BASE (GSB)– The full form of GSB is granular
sub base.itis beinglaid in road work because it plays
two major roles
1- it works as drainage layer
2- it provides a good sub base to laid base layer
on it.
Material – The material to be used for the work shall
be natural sand, crushed gravel, crushed stone,
crushed slag, or combination thereofdependingupon
the grading required use of material like brick metal,
kankar and crushed concrete shall be permitted in the
lower sub base.The material shall be free from organic
or other deleterious constituents.
Grading III and IV shall be used in lower sub base. Grading V
and VI shall be used as sub-base-cum-drainage layer.
Where the sub-base is laid in two layers as upper sub-
base and lowersub-base,the thickness of each layer
shall not be less than 150mm.If the water absorption of
the aggregates determined as per IS: 2386(part-3)is
greater than 2 %, the aggregates shall be tested for wet
aggregate impact value (AIV) (IS: 5640).Soft
aggregates like kankar, brick ballastand laterite shall
also be tested for wet AIV.

7. Physical Requirements Of Granular Sub Base
CONSTRUCTION OPERATION :-
Spreadingand compacting- the sub base material of
the specified grading shall be mixed homogenously
with the help of motor grader .the required water
content shall be determined in accordance with IS:2720
(part 8).
Moisture contentof the mix shall be checked in
accordance with IS: 2720 (part 8) and adjusted so that,
at the time of compaction,it is from 1 to 2 % below the
OMC.

8. Immediatelyspreadingthe mix, rollingshall be done.If
the thickness of the compacted layer does not exceed
100mm,a smooth wheeled rollerof 80 to 100 KN
weight may be used.For a compacted single layer up to
200mm the compaction shall be done with the help of a
vibratory roller of min. 80 to 100KN.Rollingshall
commence at the lower edge and proceed towards the
upper edge longitudinallyfor portion having
unidirectional cross fall or on super elevation.For
carriage way having cross fall on both sides, Rolling
shall commence at the edges and progress towards the
crown.
WET MIX MACADAM (WMM) sub – base /base:-

9. Wet mix macadam (WMM) act as a base course just
below the bituminous layer(bitumen base course or
surface course).
The thickness of a single compacted Wet mix macadam(WMM)
layer shall not be less than 75mm.when vibrating or other
approved types of compacting equipment are used, the
compacted depth of a single layer of the sub-base course may be
up to 200mm.
Each pass of the roller shall uniformly overlap not less than one
–third of the track made in the preceding pass. The speed of
roller shall not exceed 5 KM per hour.
Rolling shall be continued till the density achieved is at least
98% of the max. Dry density for the material determined as per
IS: 2720 (part8).
All loose, segregated or other defective areas shall be made good
to the full thickness and re-compacted.
Measurement- Granular sub –base shall be measured as
finished work in position in cubic metres.

10. Types of treatment for soil to make suitable for sub-
base :-
(1) Lime treated soil for improved sub-grade/sub-base
(2) Cementtreated soil and cement-fly ash treated sub-
base/base
(3) Crushed cementconcrete sub-base
 EARTHEN SHOULDER
 Earthen Shoulder Construction on Both Side
Shoulder:- is an emergencystoppinglane by the verge
of a road or motorway,on the right side in countries
which drive on the right, and on the left side in
countries which drive on the left. Many wider U.S.
freeways have shoulders on both sides of each
directional carriageway—in the median,as well as at
the outer edges of the road, for additional safety.
Shoulders are not intended for use by through traffic,
although there are exceptions.
 NON BITUMINOUS BASE COURSE
 WMM (WET MIX MACADAME)
Wet Mix Macadam consistof laying spreadingand compactingof clean,
crushed,well-graded granularmaterials on a prepared and approved
Granularsub-Base.The material is well mixed with water and rolled to
a dense mass.It shall be laid on one or more layers as per line and
level, grade and cross section shown in the drawing or as directed by
the Engineer.The thickness of single compacted Wet Mixed Macadam
(WMM) Base shall not be less than 75 mm. Maximum thickness of
single compacted layer base can be up to 250 mm upon approval of
Engineer.

11. 1. Reference
2. Setting Out.
3. Selection of Material.
4. Equipments.
5. Methods of Operation.
6. QualityControl.
7. Work Safety.
8. Environmental Safety.
1. Reference :-
I) Ministry of Road Transport& Highways Specifications
II) Technical Specifications
III) RelevantDrawings.
IV) IS 2720 Codes.
2. Setting Out.:-
After the layer of GSB Sub-Base has been approved,then line and level
are carried out to fix the Wet Mix Macadam base layer (herein after
called WMM Base). Pegs are fixed at regular intervals on the safe side
of the road edge where blade of grader should not disturb the peg while
blendingof the Base materials.On each peg’s top level of Base layer is
marked. The chainage boards and working bench mark shall be set out
side the limits of construction areas.
3. Selection of Material. :-
3.1 ) Aggregate

12. Coarse aggregate shall be crushed stone or crusherrun as per IRC 109
or clause 406.2.1 of MORT&H specification.
3.2) Physical requirement
The constituents of the aggregates shall be produced by integrated
crushing and screeningplant (Impact or Cone type) and,unless
otherwise instructed by the Engineer,crushingshall be carried out in at
least two stages. The fraction of material passingthrough 4.75mm sieve
shall also be crusher run screeningonly. The aggregate shall conform to
the physical requirements setforth in Table 400-12 ofMORT&H.or
IRC 109 clause .If the water absorption value testof coarse aggregate is
greater than 2 per cent, the soundness testshall be carried out on the
materials delivered to site.
3.3) Grading Requirement
The aggregate shall conform to the grading given in table 406.2.1.2 of
technical specification or IRC 109 -2015.Material finer than 425
micron, shall have Plasticity Index(PI) less than 6. The final gradation
approved within these limits shall be well graded from coarse to fine
and shall not vary from low limit on one sieve to high limit of adjacent
sieve or vice versa.
4. Equipments.:-
1. Wet Mix Macadam Plant
2. Dumper/ Tippers.
3. Vibro Roller (80 to 100 KN)
4. Water Tanker
5. Pavercapable of pavingmore than 9 meter width.
6. Survey kit / instrument
5. Methods of Operation.:-

13. 5.1) Provision of lateral confinement of aggregates
Proper arrangementshall be made for the lateral confinementof wet
mix during laying. This shall be done by laying materials on adjoining
shoulderalongwith that of WMM layer. The preparation of mix,
spreadingof mix and compaction are done sequentially.
The sequence ofoperation shall be followed as described in clause:
406.3.3 of MORT&H.
5.2) Preparation of mix
Wet mix Macadam shall be prepared in an approved WMM mixing
plant havingprovision for controlled addition of water and
forced/positive mixing arrangement.Optimum moisture for mixing shall
be determined in accordance with IS: 2720 (Part 8) after replacing the
aggregate fraction retained on 22.4 mm sieve with materials of passing
from 22.4 and retained on 4.75 mm. While addingwater, evaporation
loss shall also be taken into account. The mixed material should be
uniformlywet and no segregation shall be permitted.
5.3) Spreading of mix
Immediatelyafter mixing, the aggregate shall be spread uniformlyand
evenlyupon the approved GSB layer. Materials should neitherbe
dumped in heap nor their haulingover a partly completed stretch. The
first layer will be laid by motor grader and the second layer mix shall be
spread by a WMM paver finishercapable of pavingminimum 4.5m to
9.0m width. The layer may be tested by depth block during
construction.No segregation of materials are allowed.The aggregates
should be of uniform gradation with no pockets of fine materials.
5.4) Compaction
After the mix has been laid on site to the required thickness,grade and
camber, then compaction is carried out with suitable rollerto the full
depth. For a thickness up to 200mm in a single layer, compaction shall

14. be done with vibratory roller of 80 to 100 KN static weights with plain
drum or equivalentcapacity roller. Rollingis done from loweredge
towards upper edge longitudinallyfor the portion havingunidirectional
cross fall and superelevation.
5.5) Opening to traffic
After testing the compaction & level of WMM course the road shall be
allowed to dry for 24 hours. Preferablyno vehicular traffic should be
allowed on the finished WMM surface till it has dried and covered with
wearingcourse.
6. QualityControl. :-
Table 400-12 Physical Requirementof coarse aggregate for Wet Mix
Macadam for Sub-base/Base Courses
406 WET MIX MACADAM SUB BASE /BASE

15. Table 400-13: GradingRequirementof Aggregate for Wet Mix
Macadam
1. Control Tests for GranularWMM Base: PostConstruction
2. Tolerance in Surface Level : +10 mm
3. permissible undulation(with 3 m straight edge) : 8 mm
4. no. of undulations permitted in any 300 m length, exceeding12
mm: 20
5. Control on quality of materials and works shall be in accordance
to section 900 of MORT&H
7.Work Safety. :-
1.Safety will be provided location specific safety plan.
8. Environmental Safety. :-
1.NearbyStreams, water courses,lakes, reservoir shall be protected
from contamination bythe soil erosion from areas exposed during
excavation by constructing temporaryberms, dykes, sedimentBasins,
slopes,drains & by the use of temporarymulches,seedingor other
control devices.
2.Vehicles tracks shall be kept moist to preventflying of dust particles
with the vehicle movement.

16.  BITUMINOUS SURFACECOURSE
 PRIMECOAT
 DBM (DENSEBITUMINOUS MACADAM)
 TACK COAT
 BC (BITUMINOUS CONCRETE)
a) PRIMECOAT:-
A prime coat is an application of a low viscosity asphaltto a
granularbase in preparation for an initial layer (or surface course
layer) of asphalt.The purpose of the prime coat is; to coat and bond
loose material particles on the surface of the base,to harden or
toughen the base surface to provide a work platform for
construction equipment,to plug capillary voids in the base course
surface to preventmigration of moisture,and to provide adhesion
between the base course and succeedingasphalt course.After
applyingthe prime coat, it must cure for a minimum of 48-72 hours
before asphaltis placed,with no rain in the forecast.
There are four primary purposes for the application of a prime coat
on an aggregate base course;.

17. 1-Coatand bond loose material particles on the surface of the base.
2-Harden or toughen the base surface to provide a work platform
for construction equipment.
3-Plug capillary voids in the base course surface to prevent
migration of moisture.
4-Provide adhesionbetween the base course and succeedingasphalt
course.
Prime coat penetrates
b) DBM (DENSE BITUMINOUS MACADAM) :-
The full-scale laying and compaction of Dense Bituminous
Macadam shall be carried out with the help of approved material,
and mix design proposed for the permanentworks using the Plants,
Equipment,Machineryand approved methodology.
Dense Bituminous Macadam (DBM) Construction

18. 1) Bitumen for DBM work :- PavingBitumen of penetration grade S-
65 complyingwith Indian Standard Specifications for Paving
Bitumen IS:73 and Contract Technical Specification shall be
used.
2) Specificationof Coarse Aggregates for DBM :- Coarse Aggregates
shall be of crushed rock retained on the 2.36 mm sieve.
Aggregates shall be as per specified in table 500-8,of MORTH
for DBM and satisfy the physical requirements
3) Specificationof Fine Aggregates for DBM :- Fine Aggregates shall
be of crushed stone passingon 2.36 mm sieve and retained on
75.00-micron sieve.It should be clean, hard, durable,dry and
free from dust and soft or friable matter, organicand other
deleterious matter.Fine Aggregates shall have a sand equivalent
value of not less not than 50 when tested in accordance with
IS:2720 part-37,and PI shall not exceed 4.0 when tested in
accordance with IS:2720 part-5. This shall comply with the
requirements as per clause 507.2.3 of MORTH.
4) FillerSpecification for DBM :- Filler shall conform to 507.2.4 of
MORTH specification and consist of finely divided mineral
matter such as cement,rock dust, hydrated lime.
5) The fillergradation limits forDBM :-
IS Sieve % Passingby weight
600 micron 100
300 micron 95-100
075 micron 85-100
The filler material shall be free from organiccontaminants and
have plasticity Indexnot greater than four. The plasticity
index(PI)requirementshall not implementif the filler is cement
or lime.
AggregateGradation forDense BituminousMacadam :-
The combined coarse,fine aggregates and filler shall satisfy the
grading requirements as indicated in table 500-9 of MORTH.The

19. grading of the aggregate mix as used in work, shall be a smooth
curve within and approximatelyparallel to the envelopein .
Job Mix Design Requirementsfor Dense BituminousMacadam :-
In addition to the grading and qualityrequirements of individual
ingredients,the Job Mix shall meet the followingrequirements as
per Table 500-10 ofMORT&H technical specification.
The permissible variations of actual mix from the job mix design
shall be within the specified limits of Table 500-13 of MORT&H
specification.
Prime Coat/ Tack Coat for Dense Bituminous Macadam :-
It shall be Bitumen Emulsion of grade- CSS 1h as per ASTM D –
2397 from an approved source (As per clause 502.2.3 & 503.2.1 of
Contract Technical Specification).
Plants and Equipmentfor DBM Operation :-

20.  Self-propelled Bitumenpressure sprayerequipped for
spraying emulsionof 7000 ltr capacity – 01 No.
 Mobile Air compressor – 01 No.
 Hot Mix Plant of capacity 150 TPH -01 No.
 AutomaticSensorPaver – 01 No
 Smooth wheel Rollers,Cap 8 to 10 mt. dead wt – 02 Nos
 Pneumatictyre Rollers, Cap 12 to 15 mt. dead wt – 02 Nos.
 Tipper/Dumpers of capacity. 15 mt. – Adequate nos as per the
site requirement
 Water Tanker,capacity – 10,000 lit – 1 No.
 Survey related accessories and equipment
 Other accessories as per the site requirements.
Smooth wheel Rollers
Site Trials for DBM :-
The full-scale laying and compaction trials shall be carried out with
the approved mix design of DBM materials proposed for the
permanentworks using the Plants,Equipment,Machineryand

21. methods proposed.The trials shall be done with the consentand
underthe supervisionof the Engineeror his representative.
The trial shall be carried out to demonstrate the suitabilityof the
Plants,Equipment,machineryand work procedures to provide and
compact the material to the specified proportions,densityand voids
content and to confirm that the other specified criteria of the
finished AsphaltPavementcan be achieved.The trial length shall
be for the full construction width and depth for the layer. The trial
of pavementlayershall be undertaken ahead ofthe proposed work
to commence full-scale work on that layer.
Data to be recorded during the site trial of DBM :-
 Type and grade of bitumen used shall be recorded
 The composition and grading of the construction material,
 The temperature of bitumen and aggregate shall be recorded
immediatelyprior to enteringthe mixer, and the temperature
of the mix after discharge from the mixer prior to dispatch
from the plant, on commencementof laying, on
commencementof compaction and on completion of
compaction.
 The type, mass, numberof wheels,frequencyof vibration and
the numberof passes of the compaction equipment,as
appropriate for each roller type.
 The per cent air voids in the mix at the lab, voids in mineral
aggregate (VMA), voids filled with bitumen (VFB), stability
and flow,
 The air voids achieved at site, the compacted thickness of the
layer, per cent compaction achieved and any other important,
relevantinformation as required by the Supervision
Consultant.
Surveys and Setting out Works for DBM :-

22. After completion of the Wet Mix Macadam layers as per the
construction drawings,the limits of Dense Bituminous Macadam
shall be marked as per established grid lines and Bench Marks etc.
Preparation of Base for DBM :-
 Where DBM is to be laid over WMM surface,
 The tack coat shall be applied over the previouslyprimed
surface or even previouslylaid Bitumen surface before laying
of DBM in accordance with the provisions of clause 503 of
MORTH
 The base on which DBM is to be laid shall be prepared,
Edges Protection Work :- Edges on shoulderside or on the side where
Kerb has not been provided shall be well protected and aligned by
fixing angles of size 100 mm x 100 mm properly anchored.It shall be
ensured that mix at edges is well compacted, and proper line and
levels are maintained.
c) TACK COAT:-
Whatis tack coat :-
Tack coat (also known as bond coat) is a light application of asphalt
emulsion betweenhot mix asphaltlayers designed to create a
strong adhesive bond withoutslippage.Heavierapplicationsmay
be used under porous layers or around patches where it also
functions as a seal coat.
Why use tack coat :-
Withouttack coat the asphaltlayers in a road way may separate
which reduces the structural integrity of the road and may also
allow water to penetrate the structure.
What type of emulsion should be used for tack coats :-
The type of emulsionused for tack coats varies from country to
country. Normal practice in the USA is to use a slow-setting
emulsion thatis diluted with water before application.
Why use prime coat :-

23. Prime coats protect the integrity of the granular base during
construction and help reduce dust. In the case of a base which is to
be covered with a thin hot mix layer or a chip seal for a low volume
roadway,priming ensures a good bond betweenthe seal and the
underlyingsurface which otherwise would have a tendencyto
delaminate.
Why use asphaltemulsionprime :-
Compared to cut back asphaltprimes, emulsion primes are
environmentallyfriendlier.
What type of emulsion is mostsuitable for emulsionprime :-
Slow-settinggrades of asphaltemulsions (diluted with water before
application)are suitable.With dense granularbases,or stabilized
bases the surface may need to be broken up by scarifying before
application,to ensure good penetration.
d) BC (BITUMINOUS CONCRETE) :-
Report Highlights
 Analysis is provided for the international markets including
development trends, competitive landscape analysis, and key regions
development status
 Development policies and plans are discussed as well as manufacturing
processes and cost structures arealso analysed
 The report provides key statistics on the state of the industry and is a
valuable sourceof guidance and direction for companies.
Report Details
 The Global Bituminous Concrete Paver Sales Market Report 2016 is a
professionaland in-depth study on the current state of the Bituminous
Concrete Paver Sales industry.
 The report provides a basic overview of the industry including
definitions, classifications, applications and industry chain structure. The
Bituminous Concrete Paver Sales market analysis is provided for the
international marketincluding development history, competitive

24. landscapeanalysis, and major regions’ development status.
 The report focuses on Global major leading industry players with
information such as company profiles, productpicture and specification,
capacity, production, price, cost, revenue and contact information.
 The report covers the development policies and plans as well as
manufacturing processes and coststructures. This reportalso states
import/export, supply and consumption figures as well as cost, price,
revenue and gross margin by regions (United States, EU, Global and
Japan), and other regions can be added.
 Types Of Roads :-
1.) Earthen Roads.
2.) Gravel Roads.
3.) Murrum Roads.
4.) Kankar Roads.
5.) WBM Roads.
6.) Bituminous Roads.
7.) Concrete Roads.
 Earthen Roads. :- The roads which are laid with the available
soil at the site are called Earthen Roads.These are the
cheapestroads amongall the roads.Earthen roads are
designed for very low volume traffic.
Available soil is laid in two-three layers and surface of the road
is compacted with the rammer to expel the excess voids present
in the soil.
These roads are also called as temporary roads usuallylaid for
movingconstructing vehicles while buildinga structure or for
movingarmy vehicles during war times.

25. it is not recommendedto go with Earthen roads in monsoonas
the soil may runoff during rain.
 Gravel Roads. :- Gravel roads are the second cheapest
among all the types of roads and they are also better
than Earthen roads.
In this type of roads, the mixture of gravel and earth (available
soil at the site) is paved on the surface and compacted. Gravel

26. roads are also called as metal roads. These types of roads are
easilybuilt and generallylaid in villages.
 Murrum Roads. :- Murram is a gravelly lateritic
material which is occurred during the
disintegration of igneous rocks by weathering
agencies. The roads which are laid using Murram
as primary material is called as a Murram road.
The density of murram is higher than the gravel
which also provides good surface finish and
compaction than above two types of roads.
 Kankar Roads. :-

27. The word Kankar is derived from India which means an
Impure form of Limestone. This type of roads usually
recommended at places having a good quantity of lime.
Kankar road is one of the low-quality roads but better
than Earthen roads and gravel roads.
 Water bound Macadam Roads (WBM). :- This type of
road is also called as WBM road. The crushed stone
(aggregate) is used as a base course. WBM roads
are laid as layers. Aggregates are spread on the
surface as a layer having 10cm thickness, water is
sprinkled on each layer and then rolled for a better
finish.
These roads are better than the Murram, Earth and
Kankar roads.
In cities WBM is usually laid in pit holes.
 Bituminous Roads. :- The bituminous is a black
viscous and adhesive material occurred during the
distillation of petrol. Bituminous roads are

28. primarily used all over the world which is very easy
to lay and provides smooth and good surface finish.
The thickness of bitumen road depends upon the
subgrade soil at the site. It is always recommended
to lay the bitumen roads in two layers.
 Concrete Roads. :- The roads which are laid using the
cement concrete material is called concrete roads.
These are the costlier roads among all type of roads.
This type of roads are recommended at the places of
the high volume of traffic and it takes more time to
construct the concrete roads as the concrete
requires proper curing. The average life of a
concrete road is 40 years whereas bituminous road
has an average life of 3 years.

29. Roads Safety ( Cautionary Signs ) :-
right hand curve : This sign cautions you about a Right Hand
Curve on the road ahead. This helps you in maneuvering
vehicle accordingly and nullifies the possibility of accident due
to sudden appearance of turn.
left hand curve :- This sign cautions you about a Left Hand
Curve on the road ahead. This also helps you in maneuvering
vehicle accordingly. You get time to slow your speed and set
your eyes on the curve. It also reduces the possibility of
accident due to sudden appearance of turn.
Right Reverse Band :- This road sign indicates the actual design i.e.,
a sort of Z formation of the road ahead.It cautions the driver aboutthe

30. zigzag turn towards Right. The driver should reduce the speed at the
sight of this sign and maneuverthe vehicle cautiously.
Left Reverse Band :- This road sign indicates the actual design i.e., a
sort of Z formation of the road ahead.It cautions the driver aboutthe
zigzag turn towards Left. The driver should reduce the speed at the
sight of this sign and maneuverthe vehicle cautiously.
Steep Ascent :- This road sign indicates that there is steep ascent
ahead and driver should get ready to climb and put the vehicle in
relevantgear. Most of the times, these signs are found on hilly road
where steep ascentand descentare normal part of travel.
Steep Descent :- This road sign indicates that there is steep descent
ahead and driver should get ready to descentby putting the vehicle in
relevantgear. One should not try to speed up on descentas it loosens
the grip on vehicle. Most of the times, these signs are found on hilly
road where steep ascentand descentare normal part of travel.

31. Narrow Road Ahead :- When the width of the road decreases and the
road merges into a narrow road, there is a possibilitythat a speeding
vehicle may get collide with oncomingtraffic. This sign cautions the
driver to be careful as the road ahead is narrow.
Road Widens Ahead :- This sign signifies that the road ahead is wide.
The width of the road widens after this sign and thus traffic should
adjustaccordingly.
Narrow Bridge :- Sometimes road converges to a bridge which is of less
width than that of road. This sign is erected before such bridges which
are narrowerthan the road. The driver should reduce the speed and
watch for oncomingtraffic for safe drive.
Slippery Road :- This sign indicates the slippery condition of the road
ahead.This condition could be due to seepage of water or oil spill etc.
The driver should invariablyslow down the vehicle at sight of this sign
to avoid accident.

32. Cycle Crossing:- This road sign indicates that there is a cycle path
intersectingthe major road. The driver should carefully cross this
intersection as cyclist could cross the majorroad safety.
Pedestrian Crossing :- Pedestrian is the king of traffic. This sign
cautions the driver to eitherslow down or stop the vehicle and allow the
pedestrian to cross the road. The part of road is also demarcated in
white strips known as zebra crossing. At zebra crossing the Pedestrian
has first right on the road.
Men At Work :- This sign shows that there is some repair/cleaning
etc.beingundertaken on the road and labouris involved in it. People
working on road need safety from the traffic and hence this sign is
erected before the site of repair on road. The driver should drive slowly
and carefully by diverting to ensure the safety of labour.
Cross Road : - This sign tells that there is a crossing of roads ahead.
This sign advices that the vehicle should be slowed and intersection
should be crossed cautiouslyby lookingon both sides.

33. This road sign depicts the actual formation of road ahead.The road is
divided into two forming a shape of Y. This helps driver in managing
the intersection carefully.
Round About:- Round-Aboutis a substitute of a road intersection.It
allows smooth flow of traffic without the aid of traffic lights. This sign
indicates that there is a round-aboutaheadand the driver to take
relevantlane well before maneuveringthe round-about.
 Roads Safety (Mandatory / Regulatory)
Stop :- This is one of the most important and prominentRoad
Sign. This sign indicates that Driver should immediatelystop.
Usually Police,traffic and toll authorities use this signs at check
posts.
Give Way :- This is one of the most importantand prominent
Road Sign. This sign indicates that Driver should immediately

34. stop. Usually Police, traffic and toll authorities use this signs at
check posts.
No Entry :- Certain pockets of an area or road are demarcated as
no entry areas for traffic. This could be entry to a restricted area
or no traffic zone. So the driver should obeyit and divert his
route.
One Way :- This indicates that the traffic flow is allowed in only
one direction. The way beyond this sign restricts entry of the
traffic however,the oncomingtraffic flow remains normal.
All Motor Vehicles Prohibited :- This sign signifies that there
should no movementof traffic in the designated area eitherfrom
outside or within.This is used to decongestthe area.It is also
used at pedestrian areas.

35. Pedestrians Prohibited :- This sign restricts the movementof
pedestrian on road or the adjoiningarea.This could be lane for
fast movingvehicles,highways etc. This could be installed at
intersection where alternate crossingarrangements like
underpass,footover bridge etc are there for crossing the road.
Right Turn Prohibited :- This sign directs driver not to turn
towards right side in any circumstance.
Left Turn Prohibited : - This sign directs driver not to turn
towards left side in any circumstance.
U-Turn Prohibited :- This sign can be seen at some of the busy
intersection on roads. The U turn at these intersections could
result in major accidents or traffic jams.The driver should not
violate this sign to avoid fine and any untoward incident.
OvertakingProhibited :- With superhighways and advancement
in automobiletechnologyspeed of vehicles has increased

36. manifold.With this overtaking has come as a maneuverto save
time on road. But some place where the roads are narrow,at
bridges, at turns Overtakingbecomes dangerous.At these place
this sign is installed which prohibitovertakingensuringsafety.
Speed Limit :- This sign designates the speed, as specified in the
sign, of traffic on road. The limit specified must be invariable
followed to avoid penal action and accidents on the road.
Length Limit :- This sign on road indicates that length of the
vehicle, which can be maneuveredthrough that passage.It could
be a sharp turn, a hairpin bend etc. This is meantfor long and
oversized vehicle,which cannotnegotiate a safe turn.
CompulsoryCycle Track :- This indicates that the traffic flow is
allowed in only one direction. The way beyond this sign restricts
entry of the traffic however,the oncomingtraffic flow remains
normal.