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TRYPANASOMIASIS.pptx
- 2. OBJECTIVES By the end of this session, everyone should be knowing the following. What it means by trypanosomiasis Different forms of this infection Infectious agents and mode of transmission Life cycle of trypanosomiasis infection Signs and symptoms and complications Treatment and prevention. 2 27 September 2022
- 7. What is trypanosomiasis? Trypanosomiasis is a name of several diseases in vertebrates caused by parasitic protozoan trypanosomes of the genus Trypanosoma. In humans this include African trypanosomiasis/ sleeping sickness and American trypanosomiasis/Chagas disease. A number of other diseases occur in other animals e.g nagana in cattle. 27 September 2022 7
- 8. African Trypanosomiasis African trypanosomiasis also known as sleeping sickness; Is caused by microscopic parasites of the species Trypanosome Brucei. It is transmitted by tsetse fly (Glossina species), which is found only in sub- Saharan Africa. Two morphologically indistinguishable subspecies of the parasite cause distinct disease patterns in humans T.b. gambiense causes a slowly progressing African trypanosomiasis in western and central Africa. T.b. rhodesiense causes a more a cute African trypanosomiasis in eastern and southern Africa. 27 September 2022 8
- 11. Signs and symptoms of African trypanosomiasis Infection occurs in two stages . A first stage where the parasites are found in the blood and lymphatic system. Followed by second stage after the parasites invade the central nervous system. East African trypanosomiasis is more acute disease than west African trypanosomiasis progressing to the second phase within a few weeks West African trypanosomiasis disease progresses more slowly, with a mean duration estimated at 3 years 27 September 2022 11
- 12. Cont… Control measures have reduced the number of cases per year and for the first time in 50 yrs , the number of reported cases fell under 10000 in 2009. in 2017- 2018, fewer than 2000 cases were reported to WHO. Sleeping sickness is curable with medication but is fatal if left untreated 27 September 2022 12
- 14. Cont.. In the first stage , the person may feel the following; usually non specific. Red sore/ chancre resulting from the bite by the tsetse fly common with T. b. rhodesiense. Fever which are intermittent lasting for one day or a week. Severe headaches Irritability, extreme fatigue, swollen lymph nodes Muscle and joint pains Hepatosplenomegaly, posterior triangle cervical lymphadenopathy/ Winterbottom’s sign commonly seen with T.b. gambiense infections weight loss, lymphadenopathy 27 September 2022 14
- 15. Cont… During second stage, T.b gambiense infection progresses to second stage after the average of 300-500 days, whereas T.b. rhodesiense infection progresses to the second stage after an estimated 21-60 days. For both types of disease, the stage is determined by examining cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and observing trypomastigotes. In second stage disease, invasion of the central nervous system causes a variety of neuropsychiatric manifestations to appear in addition to the first stage signs and symptoms The sleep/wake cycle becomes reversed , hence the common name “sleeping sickness” with day time somnolence, nocturnal insomnia and sudden urges to sleep. 27 September 2022 15
- 16. Cont.. Progressive confusion Mental hallucination, confusion, delirium, anxiety, emotional lability, attention deficit, apathy, aggression, mania) Neurological ( abnormal reflexes, seizures, coma) Sensory ( paranesthesia, hyperesthesia, anesthesia, visual problems) Motor ( motor weakness, abnormal tone, giant disturbance, ataxia, tremor, speech disturbance) Personality changes Other neurological problems If left untreated the illness becomes worse and death will occur with in months 27 September 2022 16
- 43. Complications of trypanosomiasis They include; Aspiration pneumonia Anemia and fatigue Wasting syndrome Meningoencephalitis and seizures Stupor or coma ( sleeping sickness) Death. Perinatal death or abortion ( after congenital infection) 27 September 2022 43