Soil and land resources certain crops Using GIS And Remotesensinsing

1. SOIL AND LAND RESOURCES EVALUATION FOR
CERTAIN CROPS OF RANGA REDDY DISTRICT
IN ANDHRA PRADESH FOR VILLAGE LEVEL PLANNING
- A REMOTE SENSING AND GIS APPROACH
By
APPALA SRIKANTH
Ph.D - Reg No: 1203PH1127
Under the Guidance of
Dr. PRAMOD KUMAR
Professor of Chemical Engineering, JNTUH

2. INTRODUCTION
 The soil and land resource inventory at regional and state
level are providing a basis for blanket recommendation of
various package of practice including fertilizer as other
inputs.
 The inherent diversity in soils and the adopted practices
with intensive apply, the soils are evidently expressing
numerous, complex problems, which are identified at
different stages. Further, it is becoming difficult to provide
solution at later stages.
 The multi pronged problems of intensive cropping are very
diversified in nature and manifesting physically,
chemically, biologically and ultimately nutritionally, the
blanket recommendations are not providing a suite of
solutions.

3.  Considering this fact with a view to asses the site specific
constraints and provide potential for development and
remediation, the present study is planned taking village as
a unit.
 Approach is in consonance with the village land use
planning in this entire village soil and land resources are
systematically accounted and prepared a resource
inventory, which act as ready reference reckoned for any
planning activity for the development and improvement of
village soil and land resources further.
 The entire study work encompass in accounting of the
soil and land resources, which is providing a medium
for the crop growth.

4.  Essential soil and land resources of Chanvelly village are
diversified in nature and characteristics in supplying
nutrients and providing necessary anchorage for the crop
growth and development.
 There are number of variations in growth and disparities in
the packages adopted by farmers. Vary little attention was
paid to study of the soils of this area of Ranga Reddy
district.
 Most of the studies conducted earlier were only broad
based and were conducted as a part of their study of soils
of country or state. So, it is essential to understand the
land suitability for certain crops of Chanvelly village of
Ranga Reddy district

5. LOCATION MAP OF THE STUDY

6. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA
 The Study area Chanvally village lies 7 km away from
mandal headquarter Chavalla of Ranga Reddy district,
Telangana state .
 This study area located between 17o15' and 17o16' North
latitudes and 79o05' and 77o06' East longitudes.
 Geographical Area: 7493(sq.Km)
 The village is surrounded by on Bisthapur on the north and
Damargidda village on north-east, Pamena village on the
east, Ekkireddypally village and Yarrabally village on the
south, Thadlapally on south-east village and Ganapur on
the western side.

7. OBJECTIVES
1. To characterise and classify the soils in the study
area, as well as to ascertain the significant soil
physical, physico-chemical characteristics, and
accessible nutrient status for surface and profile
samples.
2. Evaluation of Soil suitability for few selected crops
based on its physical and chemical properties.
3. Identification and assessment of soil related
constraints i.e. physical, chemical and other
nutritional constraints of crop production.

8. MATERIALS AND METHODS
 An investigation entitled “Soil and land resources evaluation for certain
crops of Chanvelly village of Rangareddy district in Telangana state for
village level planning-a methodological approach” was carried out in
Chanvelly village
 For this study, soil samples were collected from fifteen profiles. The
profiles were opened up to parent material or greater then 1.0 m depth
and described for morphological characteristic as per the procedure
given in the USDA soil survey manual (Soil Survey Staff, 1998).
 The particulars relating to the general description of the area,
geographical setting of the study area viz., relief, drainage, climate,
geology, collection and preparation of soil and plant samples and the
analytical methods adopted in the investigation.

9. COLLECTION AND PROCESSING OF SOIL AND PLANT SAMPLES
 Soil samples were collected from each horizon of the fifteen
profiles. Surface samples numbering forty were also collected
randomly from the sites of interest. The samples were air dried,
pounded with wooden pestle and were passed through 2 mm
sieve. Particles greater than 2mm were considered as gravel.
 The sieved soil samples were used for determination of
mechanical composition, bulk density, and physico-chemical and
chemical properties.
 Undisturbed samples were collected from each horizon using
brass cylinders of 15 cm height and 5 cm diameter for
determining hydraulic conductivity and metal cores of 5 cm
diameter and 5 cm height for bulk density estimations.
 Plant samples collected from identified profile and surface
soil sampling fields. Two plant samples were collected to
represent each pedon and a total of 30 plant samples of various
crops were taken from study area. The samples were air dried for
two days afterwards oven dried for one day at 50oC. The samples
are grinded with plant sample grinder to pass throw 40 mesh
sieve.

10. DATA PRODUCTS USED
 Development of Land suitability needs baseline data,
thematic data, topographic data and collateral data.
 All such data products are derived and extracted
through various sources which are given in the
following table.
Type of Data Source of Data
Toposheets (1:50,000 Scale) SOI (Survey of India), Hyderabad
Agricultural and Water
Resources data
AP Irrigation Departments and district
Agricultural office
Census data Bureau of Economics and Statistics
(BES), Hyderabad
Meteorological Data Indian Meteorological Department
(IMD)
Development of soil and
water suitability criteria
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
University Hyderabad.
Software used Autocad,
ArcGIS 9.1
ESRI – New Delhi

11. RESULTS
&
DISCUSSION

12. EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS
Results of the analysis of morphological, physical and
chemical characteristics of
 40 surface samples representing different
physiographic units and 15 pedons.
 30 plant samples representing nutrient content in
various crops of study area are presented under the
following headings.
 Characterization of soils
 Physico-chemical properties
 Fertility status
 Nutrient content of plant samples
 Major soil constraints
 Soil classification
 Land evaluation and soil-site suitability

13. CHARACTERIZATION OF SOILS
 Description of profiles
 Morphological properties
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
 Gravel
 Particle Size Distribution
 Sand
 Silt
 Clay
 Soil textural class
 Bulk density
 Saturated hydraulic
conductivity (Ks)
 Moisture retention
 Soil reaction
 Electrical conductivity
 Cation exchange capacity
 Exchangeable cat ions
 Base saturation

14. FERTILITY STATUS
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
 Soil reaction
 Electrical conductivity
 Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
 Exchangeable Cations
 Free calcium carbonate
Chemical properties
 Organic carbon
 Available Nitrogen
 Available Phosphorus
 Available Potassium
 Available sulphur
 Available Micronutrients
Nutrient status
Nutrient content of plant samples
Major soil constraints
Soil classification
Land evaluation and soil-site suitability

15. CLIMATIC DATA

16. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS
Profile Samples

17. Profile Samples

18. Surface
Samples

19. ANALYSIS RESULTS:
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF SOILS
Profile Samples

20. Profile Samples

21. Surface
Samples

22. BULK DENSITY, HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY AND
MOISTURE RETENTION OF SOILS

24. EXCHANGEABLE CATIONS AND BASE
SATURATION OF SOILS
Profile Samples

25. Profile Samples

26. Surface
Samples

27. ORGANIC CARBON AND AVAILABLE NUTRIENT CONTENT
OF SOILS
Profile Samples

28. Profile Samples

29. Surface
Samples

30. SECONDARY NUTRIENTS AND CACO3 CONTENT OF SOILS
Profile Samples

31. Profile Samples

32. AVAILABLE MICRONUTRIENT CONTENT OF SOILS
Profile Samples

33. Profile Samples

34. SurfaceSample
s

35. NITROGEN, PHOSPHOROUS AND POTASSIUM CONTENT IN PLANT
SAMPLES

36. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE

38. ORGANIC CARBON STATUS
AVAILABLE NITROGEN STATUS

39. AVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS STATUS
AVAILABLE POTASSIUM STATUS

40. AVAILABLE SULPHUR STATUS
AVAILABLE ZINC STATUS

41. SOIL CLASSIFICATION

42. PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF THE SOILS

45. LAND CAPABILITY CLASSIFICATION-CRITERIA

46. LAND CAPABILITY CLASSIFICATION

47. SOIL SITE CHARACTERISTICS

48. LAND EVALUATION
Soil-site suitability evaluation for crops
Soil suitability for major crop growing was evaluated based on FAO frame work (1976) for land evaluation.
It involved formulation of climatic and soil requirements of crop and ratings of these parameters viz., highly
suitable (S1), moderately suitable (S2), marginally suitable (S3) and unsuitable (N) for agriculture. Soil-site
suitability for some of the major crops was evaluated based on the criteria suggested by Sehgal (1996)
and Sys et al. (1991).
Simple and maximum limitation method for land evaluation
In this method land characteristics (or qualities) are compared with the crop requirements and the land
class is attributed according to the less favourable characteristics or quality.
The methodology suggests an evaluation of the climatic characteristics in the first place with an ultimate
aim of one class level to be introduced in the total evaluation.
The relationship between land classes or suitability classes and limitations are given below.
Limitations Suitability class (land class)
0 : No S1 : Highly suitable
1 : Slight S2 : Moderately suitable
2 : Moderate S3 : Marginally suitable
3 : Severe N1 : Temporarily Unsuitable
4 : Very severe N2 : Permanently
unsuitable

49. SOIL SITE SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR PADDY

50. SOIL SITE SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR CHILLI

51. SOIL SITE SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR CABBAGE

52. SOIL SITE SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR TOMATO

53. SOIL SITE SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR COTTON

54. SOIL SITE SUITABILITY EVALUATION FOR REDGRAM

55. SOIL NUTRIENT
LIMITATIONS AND
MANAGEMENT
STRATEGIES

56. COMPARATIVE EVALUATION FOR PADDY

57. COMPARATIVE EVALUATION FOR CHILLI

58. COMPARATIVE EVALUATION FOR CABBAGE

59. COMPARATIVE EVALUATION FOR TOMATO

60. COMPARATIVE EVALUATION FOR COTTON

61. COMPARATIVE EVALUATION FOR REDGRAM

62. SUITABILITY CRITERIA FOR PADDY AND CHILLI

63. SUITABILITY CRITERIA FOR CABBAGE AND TAMATO

64. SUITABILITY CRITERIA FOR COTTON AND REDGRAM

65. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
 The present study was carried out with specific objectives of
characterization and classification of soils of Chanvelly
village of Ranga Reddy district in order to assess their
suitability for paddy, chili, cabbage, tomato, cotton and red
gram crops.
 The investigation consisted of study of morphological
characteristics of soil profiles in the field and analysis of soil
samples in the laboratory. The soils were finally classified as
per the USDA system of soil taxonomy.

66.  The soils were described in the field for their morphological
properties and later characterized in the laboratory for their
physical and chemical properties and classified up to family
level in the Chanvelly village.
 Soil site suitability for some important crops was also
evaluated in the study area. In between profiles, forty
surface samples (0-30 cm) were drawn from the field and
analyzed for fertility status.
 Thirty plant samples collected from study area and
analyzed for nutrients like N, P & K and analyzed nutrient
content of plant samples in relation to availability in soil.
The findings of the investigations are summarized below.
 Fifteen soil profiles representing the study area were
selected based on the topography from various
physiolographic units identified in the area by field survey.

67.  Depth of the soils ranged from shallow to very deep, the
solum thickness increased from upper to the lower slopes in
the study area.
 The colour of the soils varied from reddish brown to dark
brown in uplands, this was found to be influenced mainly by
the type of parent material, low organic matter content,
warmer temperature regime and moderately high rainfall
existing in the area.
 The colour varied from very pale brown to very dark grayish
brown in lowlands. While might be influenced by the
topography and impeded drainage in the sub-surface layers.
 The texture of soils was found to vary from sandy clay loam
to clayey. The texture of lowland physiographic units was
finer than upland and midlands mainly due to lateral
movement of finer fractions from uplands and midlands.

68.  Presence of argillic horizon was noticed in upland pedons
( pedon 1, 2 & 3 ) and midland pedons ( pedon 6 & 12)due to
downward translocation of clay and its deposition in the sub-
surface horizons, whereas Cambic horizon was found on
lowlands and other midland soils.
 The common structure of study area was granular to sub-
angular blocky in surface horizons except pedon 15.
Surface horizon structure of pedon 15 was angular blocky.
 Soil reaction of upland soils was mostly neutral which is
attributed to the presence of leaching of bases from the soil
along with runoff and drainage water due to moderately high
rainfall existing in the area.
 In lowlands, the soil reaction was neutral to slightly alkaline
due to deposition of bases from the upland physiographic
units.

69.  The electrical conductivity of all the pedons was very negligible,
which indicates non-saline nature.
 The organic carbon content in all the pedons vary between low to
medium due to low vegetative cover (except P1, P5, P14 and
P10).
 The soil erosion and warmer climate leading to low accumulation
of organic carbon in the study area. The pedon 1, 5, 14 and 15
having high organic carbon content.
 The cation exchange capacity of the soil varied from low to
medium. The upland physiographic units were low in cation
exchange capacity values than midlands and lowlands owing to
their low clay content, low organic matter, whereas lowlands
exhibited moderate CEC values due to higher clay content.
 In all the pedons, calcium was most dominant cation followed by
magnesium throughout the profile. The upland pedons have low
exchangeable cations than lowland counterparts, because of
excessive drainage from uplands. The base saturation was found
to be between medium (uplands) to high (lowlands) in the study
area due to variation in the texture and physiography.

70.  Based on morphological, physical, physico-chemical and
meteorological data, the soils of Chanvelly village of Ranga
Reddy district, were classified upto family level as follows.
Pedon Soil classification
 Pedon 1, 2, 3, 6 and 12 Fine loamy, mixed,
Hyperthermic, Udic
Haplustalfs
 Pedon 4 and 5 Fine loamy, mixed,
Hyperthermic, Udic
Ustorthents
 Pedon 7, 8,9,10, 11&13 Fine loamy, mixed,
Hyperthermic, Udic
Haplustepts
 Pedon 14 and 15 Fine, Clayey, mixed,
Hyperthermic, Typic
Halplusterts

71.  Land capability classification was done based on the
inherent soil characteristics, external land features and
environmental factors. There are four land capability
subclasses in the study area, viz., IIIsf , IVW, IVS and IVSt.
 The physiographic units of study area matched with the
suitability for important crops like paddy, chili, cabbage,
tomato, cotton and red gram crops. Most of the upland
was marginally suitable or not suitable for rice, cabbage,
tomato and cotton crops due to slope, depth, drainage and
texture.
 The upland pedons 1 and 2 are moderately suitable to
chilli and red gram with limitations of slope, coarse
fragments, and organic carbon. Most of the midlands were
moderately suitable for chilli, cabbage and red gram and
marginally suitable for rice, tomato and cotton with
limitation of depth, coarse fragments, organic carbon and
soil reaction.

72.  The low land pedons 14 and 15 were marginally suitable for these
crops due to poor drainage were as lowland pedon 13 was moderately
suitable for chilli, cabbage and cotton and marginally suitable for rice,
tomato and cotton due to impeded drainage.
 Major soil constraints for crop production are slope, erosion, depth,
coarse fragments, drainage, organic carbon, soil reaction and calcium
carbonate, considering these constraints recommendations were
suggested in the way to achieve sustainable yields and also maintains
the soil health with out deterioration of future generations.
 In this study on the basis of nutrient availability limitations, all the
pedons are low in nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium except 7, 8,
10, 13, 14 and 15 and while these pedons showing limitations of either
nitrogen and phosphorous. Further the pedons 4, 5, 9, 11, 12 and 14
are exhibiting sulphur deficiency, and in the entire survey 66
percentage of pedons showing zinc deficiency.
 Considering the availability, the site-specific nutrient management
strategies are recommended for harvesting good yields of crops.

73. THANK YOU

77. SATELLITE IMAGE OF RANGA REDDY
DIST

83. GEOMORPHOLOGY MAP OF RANGA REDDY
DISTRICT

84. LAND USE LAND COVER MAP OF RANGA REDDY
DISTRICT