The document discusses three philosophies of education: pragmatism, realism, and humanism. Pragmatism focuses on principles like utility, natural interests, and experiences based learning. Realism believes in an external reality perceived by the senses and emphasizes preparing students for real life. Humanism places primary importance on developing the human person through holistic and learner-centered education that promotes human values like liberty and equality. The document outlines the key aims, principles, methods of teaching, advantages and disadvantages of each philosophy.

1. Pragmatism, Realism
&Humanism
Anju Mohanan.U
Roll no. 23
Physical science

2. Pragmatism

5. Pragmatism and curriculum
 Principle of utility
 Principle of natural interest
 Principle of graded curriculum
 Principle of experiences based in occupations
 Principle of integration
 Principle of social worth
 Principle of dynamism

6. Method of Teaching
 Learning by doing
All learning must comes as a byproduct of action, and never
as something learned directly for its own sake
 The project method
It is a direct outcome of pragmatic philosophy

7. Merits of pragmatism
 Importance of child
 Emphasis of activity
 Faith in applied life
 Social and democratic education
 Progressive and optimistic attitude
 Construction of project method

8. Demerits of pragmatism
 No predetermined aims of education
 Opposition of predetermined ideals and values
 Opposition of ideal truth
 Negation of spiritual values
 Negation of past
 Condemnation of formal education
 Difficulty in the construction of curriculum
 Pragmatism is a method only

9. Realism
 Realism is an ancient philosophy which holds that there
exists an external reality which is the source that causes
our experiences
 The ultimate reality from them is the independence of
human mind
 The major exponents of realism are Erasmus,John
Milton,John Locke,Francis Bacon, Commenius,Betrand
Rusel etc.
 Aristotle is consider as father of realism

10. Definition
 According to Butter, “Realism is the reinforcement of our
common acceptance of this world as it appears to
us”(seeing is believable)
Aims
 Prepare child for real life
 Prepare the child for a happy and successful life
 Fosters Mental and physical powers of child
 Developing and training of senses

11.  Providing vocational education
 Make a child a familiar with the nature and social
environment
Fundamental principles of Realism
 Phenomenal world is true
 Senses are the doors of knowledge
 Opposition of Idealism
 Man is a part of material world
 Emphasis on experiment and observation
 Importance of present applied life

12.  Based on science only
 Emphasis on behaviour and experiment
 Child and his present life are the centre of education
 It opposes book learning
 Both the individual and the society are valued

13. Method of teaching
 Scientific and objective method
 Informal method
 Self experience and research
 Experimental method
 Heuristic method
 Correlation method

14. Advantage of Realism
 Practical and utilitarian
 Related to needs of individual and demand of society
 Revolutionary changes in method of teaching
 Importance of science
 Impressionistic and emancipator discipline
 Changed the organisational pattern of schools

15. Disadvantages of Realism
 Great stress upon physical world
 Realism accepts real needs and real feelings only.It
doesn’t believe in imagination and sentiments
 Realism emphasizes on scientific subjects and the neglect
art and literature this creates imbalanced curriculum
 Doesn’t give any importance to ideals and Values

16. Humanism
 Very old philosophy
 Primary importance to man
 Man is the center of all activities in the world
 Purpose: to create interest in all spheres of life
 Humaniora-means study of human body and surrounding
nature
 The term humanism was coined by Friedrich Niethammer
in 19th century
 Implies specific preference for human value

17. Aims of education
 Man making
 Secular,rational &scientific
 Realisation of humanist values in the individual &society
 Complete development of human personality
 Enables man to solve individual &social problems

18.  Increase efficiency &happiness of human beings
 Support democratic philosophy of education
 Fundamental human values:liberty, equality &fraternity
 Educational institution should be based on democratic
principles
 Basic education-human nature
 Emphasis the value of individual differences in education
 Make education child centered
 Aim of education-propagation of knowledge, social
control, social development and prevention of social
heritage

19. Based on two principles
 Values upheld by a nation affect history
 Great literature stresses values
Proponents
 Abraham maslow
 Carl Rogers
 Malcolm knowles

20. Methods of Teaching
 Drill and exercise
 Oral examination
 Direction method
 Method of understanding and reproduction
 Debate and discussion method
 Play way method

21.  Emphasis individual
 Holistic approach
 learner centered
 Promotes applicable knowledge
 Promote self actualization
Advantages

22. Disadvantages
 Lack of empirical evidence
 Offers limited solutions
 Lack of concious awareness
 Not a scientific approach
 Not realistic

23. Thank you