8. A deductive argument is any argument that
aims to show that its conclusion must be true.
9. Its aim is to establish its conclusion.
The implicit or explicit claim, in a deductive
argument, is therefore that if the premises are
true then the conclusion is completely certain
to be true as well.
11. An inductive argument aim is to show that its
conclusion is probably true although not
certainly true.
12. In inductive argument claims (in so many
words) only that if the premises are true, then
the conclusion is likely or reasonable (but not
certain).
13. Deductive indicators...
When conclusion with wording such as!
Therefore it must be that…
It necessarily follows that…
Therefore it is certain that…
It is conclusively proven that…
These phraes are called deductive indicators.
14. Inductive indicators...
When conclusion with wording such as!
Therefore it is probably the case that…
It is likely that…
Therefore it is reasonable to conclude that…
These phraes are called inductive indicators.
15. A deductive argument that succeeds in showing
that its conclusion must be true if its premises
all are true is called a valid deductive argument.
A deductive argument that fails to show that its
conclusion must be true if its premises are true
is called an invalid deductive argument.
16. Valid…example:
1. All human beings are mammals.
2. All mammals are warm-blooded.
3. Therefore it must be that all human beings are
warm-blooded.
Invalid…example:
1. All human beings are mammals.
2. All dogs are mammals.
3. Therefore it must be that all human beings are
dogs..
17. 1. All students are millionaires.
2. All millionaires are Buddhists.
3. Therefore, all students must be Buddhists.
In this example argument, about students
and Buddhists, was valid, but unsound
18. A sound argument has two characteristics:
• All of its premises are true.
• It is valid. .
19. 1. All whales are mammals.
2. All mammals are animals.
3. Therefore, it must be that all whales are
animals.
This example is both valid and sound:
45. “The more you learn, the more you know,
The more you know, the more you forget
The more you forget, the less you know
So.. why learn.”
46. “A bus station is where a bus stops.
A train station is where a train stops.
On my desk, I have a work station....
what more can I say........”
47. Conversation of Interviewer with Mr. Singh
Interviewer: Tell me opposite of GOOD .
Sardar : BAD
Interviewer: COME ??
Singh: GO
Interviewer: UGLY?
Singh: PICHLLI
Interviewer: U-G-L-Y ?
Singh: PICHLLI
Interviewer: SHUT UP
Singh: KEEP TALKING
Interviewer: GET OUT
Singh: COME IN
Interviewer: OH MY GOD
Singh: OH YOUR DEVIL
Interviewer: U R REJECTED
Singh: I M SELECTED
Balle balle !!!