[Last Name] 1 [Your Name] [Instructor Name] [Course Number] [Date] Annotated Bibliography Research question: What are the appropriate steps that can be taken by employers to ensure that the gender wage gap is reduced or completely eliminated? Hypothesis: The biggest flaw in the system is that women are made to believe that today they have conquered much more than the previous generations and it is enough. However, what needs to be realized is that women today have not reached the full goal of receiving equal pay. They just receive higher pays today, but still unequal. Scholarly articles 1. Acker, Joan. "Inequality Regimes: Gender, Class, and Race in Organizations." SAGE Journals (2006): 441-464. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0891243206289499. The main attempt that the author of this article has made is in reference to highlight the three central concepts that can be reasoned to create inequalities in workplaces i.e. class, gender and racial differences. Thesis: These ‘inequality regimes’ as the writer points out, are consistent for all/majority of the organizations. 2. Arrow, Kenneth. "The Theory of Discrimination ." Industrial Relations Section Princeton University (1971): 1-37. http://www2.econ.iastate.edu/classes/econ321/Orazem/arrow_discrimination.pdf. This Princeton published article talks about the concept of discrimination amongst the workforce in workplaces. Thesis: The writer argues that discrimination is a larger entity that encompasses issues that create differences amongst the workforce, be it gender inequality, differences in wages and productivity. 3. Winter-Ebmer, Doris Weichselbaumer & Rudolf. "A Meta-Analysis of the International Gender Wage Gap ." Journal of Economic Surveys (2005): 479-511. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0950-0804.2005.00256.x. The article talks about how gender-wage gap has become a topic of interest since the last 3 decades. Thesis: The aim of this study was to analyze whether the wage gap between different genders resulted from the differences in their productivity. For this purpose numerical analysis was conducted with data from various corporations. The indicators for the meta-data analysis collected samples from multilingual nations so as to create a well diversified sample. The few factors that were analyzed to play a central role in defining the range of pays included; the marital status of the workers, experience of the employee. It was potentially concluded that there is no generalized factor that can be assessed to have an impact universally. However, the data shows evidence to the fact that gender wage gaps have reduced globally. 4. Morgan, Trond Petersen & Laurie A. "Separate and Unequal: Occupation-Establishment Sex Segregation and the Gender Wage Gap." American Journal of Sociology (1995). https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/230727. Thesis: Why there exists a wage gap in the worker’s pays because of gender, a sample of 10 administrati.

1. [Last Name] 1
[Your Name]
[Instructor Name]
[Course Number]
[Date]
Annotated Bibliography
Research question: What are the appropriate steps that can be
taken by employers to ensure that the gender wage gap is
reduced or completely eliminated?
Hypothesis: The biggest flaw in the system is that women are
made to believe that today they have conquered much more than
the previous generations and it is enough. However, what needs
to be realized is that women today have not reached the full
goal of receiving equal pay. They just receive higher pays
today, but still unequal.
Scholarly articles
1. Acker, Joan. "Inequality Regimes: Gender, Class, and Race in
Organizations." SAGE Journals (2006): 441-464.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/089124320628949
9.
The main attempt that the author of this article has made is in
reference to highlight the three central concepts that can be
reasoned to create inequalities in workplaces i.e. class, gender
and racial differences. Thesis: These ‘inequality regimes’ as the
writer points out, are consistent for all/majority of the
organizations.
2. Arrow, Kenneth. "The Theory of Discrimination ." Industrial
Relations Section Princeton University (1971): 1-37.
http://www2.econ.iastate.edu/classes/econ321/Orazem/arrow_di
scrimination.pdf.
This Princeton published article talks about the concept of
discrimination amongst the workforce in workplaces. Thesis:

2. The writer argues that discrimination is a larger entity that
encompasses issues that create differences amongst the
workforce, be it gender inequality, differences in wages and
productivity.
3. Winter-Ebmer, Doris Weichselbaumer & Rudolf. "A Meta-
Analysis of the International Gender Wage Gap ." Journal of
Economic Surveys (2005): 479-511.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0950-
0804.2005.00256.x.
The article talks about how gender-wage gap has become a topic
of interest since the last 3 decades. Thesis: The aim of this
study was to analyze whether the wage gap between different
genders resulted from the differences in their productivity. For
this purpose numerical analysis was conducted with data from
various corporations. The indicators for the meta-data analysis
collected samples from multilingual nations so as to create a
well diversified sample. The few factors that were analyzed to
play a central role in defining the range of pays included; the
marital status of the workers, experience of the employee. It
was potentially concluded that there is no generalized factor
that can be assessed to have an impact universally. However,
the data shows evidence to the fact that gender wage gaps have
reduced globally.
4. Morgan, Trond Petersen & Laurie A. "Separate and Unequal:
Occupation-Establishment Sex Segregation and the Gender
Wage Gap." American Journal of Sociology (1995).
https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/230727.
Thesis: Why there exists a wage gap in the worker’s pays
because of gender, a sample of 10 administrative corporate
companies was taken from between the periods of mid 70’s-
80’s. It should be noted that these employees belonged to the
clerical and corporate sectoral job positions. The major reason
identified was that employees were paid not based on their
gender gaps, but their individual characteristics and qualities.

3. 5. Kahn, Francine D. Blau & Lawrence M. "The Gender Pay
Gap." Academy of Management Perspectives (2007 ).
https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/AMP.2007.24286161.
The authors of the paper have laid concentration on the
economy and trends of US business and working sectors.
Thesis: The first half of the century was a period of turmoil
with little improvements in terms of the working employees.
While the last quarter of the century marked as periods where
higher population of females had joined the working sectors and
were fighting for equal pay rights.
Other sources
6. (Elsesser)
Summary: The Forbes article talks about the existence of gender
wage gap in the 2018 as well. The writer reveals that majority
of the women are still paid 80% of their male fellow workers
simply because it is generally believed that wage gaps have
been reduced. Critique: Therefore it seems unrationale to argue
for something that has reached 80 percent.
7. (Vagianos)
Summary: The central argument that is defined in the paper is
that the workers are paid different wages not because of the
levels of their productivity, but because the differences in their
genders. Critique: In pursuits to race, ethnicities, cultural and
other social denominators, wage differences because of gender
discrimination is one of the most controversial subjects that still
exists in the corporate sectors.
8. (LAM)
Summary: One of the newer strategies that the writer suggests is
for women to join sectors that are the most highly paying. By
being competent women may be able to, Critique: argue better
on logical terms and biases.
9. (FILIPOVIC)

4. Summary: However, the writer of this article recommends
harsher strategies for women to adopt. When negotiating pay
rise and wage increases women should mention issues of
discrimination more seriously and should use these issues to
report cases. Critique: This way females can argue on the stance
that they deserve better standards of pay raise and equality in
workplaces.
10. (Dixon)
Critique: The most important strategy that this article offers is
in hiring more females for top management posts. Summary:
These females will not only be able to compete for their own
pay rights but they will be able to work towards ensuring that
females from lower posts also get their rights.
Works Cited
Acker, Joan. "Inequality Regimes: Gender, Class, and Race in
Organizations." SAGE Journals (2006): 441-464.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/089124320628949
9.
Arrow, Kenneth. "The Theory of Discrimination ." Industrial
Relations Section Princeton University (1971): 1-37.
http://www2.econ.iastate.edu/classes/econ321/Orazem/arrow_di
scrimination.pdf.
Dixon, Lauren. 5 Ways to Fix the Gender Pay Gap. 8 3 2017.
https://www.clomedia.com/2017/03/08/ways-fix-gender-pay-
gap/. 13 2 2019.
Elsesser, Kim. Unequal Pay, Unconscious Bias, And What To
Do About It. 10 4 2018 .
https://www.forbes.com/sites/kimelsesser/2018/04/10/unequal-
pay-unconscious-bias-and-what-to-do-about-it/#28bbcdf3600e.
13 2 2019.
FILIPOVIC, JILL. Everything That Needs to Change for Women
to Finally Get Equal Pay. 10 4 2018.
https://www.cosmopolitan.com/politics/a19725492/ways-to-fix-
the-wage-gap/. 13 2 2019.

5. Kahn, Francine D. Blau & Lawrence M. "The Gender Pay Gap."
Academy of Management Perspectives (2007 ).
https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/AMP.2007.24286161.
LAM, BOURREE. How Do We Close the Wage Gap in the U.S.?
8 3 2016.
https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/03/equal-
pay/472407/. 13 2 2019.
Morgan, Trond Petersen & Laurie A. "Separate and Unequal:
Occupation-Establishment Sex Segregation and the Gender
Wage Gap." American Journal of Sociology (1995).
https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/230727.
Vagianos, Alanna. 10 Things We Need To Do To Close The
Wage Gap. 14 4 2015.
https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/04/14/things-we-need-to-
do-to-close-wage-gap_n_7056322.html. 13 2 2019.
Winter-Ebmer, Doris Weichselbaumer & Rudolf. "A Meta-
Analysis of the International Gender Wage Gap ." Journal of
Economic Surveys (2005): 479-511.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0950-
0804.2005.00256.x.
Jane Doe
English 102
Literature Review/Annotated Bibliography
Research question: Why is the American government allowing
Americans to pay the highest prescription drug costs in the
world?
Hypothesis: While there are legitimate challenges involved in
creating, testing, and marketing new drugs, the underlying cause

6. of America’s outrageously high costs for new prescription
medicines is the lack of realistic government controls on the
pharmaceutical industry.
Allen, Leslie. "Do Research Expenses Justify Eye-Popping
Prices?" CQ Researcher, vol. 26, no. 20, 20 May 2016. CQ
Researcher Online, ezproxy.shoreline.edu:2113/cqresearcher/
document.php?id=cqresrre2016052000&type=hitlist&num=0.
Accessed 21 Apr. 2018. Thesis: Drug manufacturers blame the
rising cost of research and development for the soaring prices of
life saving drugs.Summary: The cost of more than two dozen
drugs from 2013-2015 grew 400% or more and by 1000% for a
few more. In 2018, total prescription drug spending is projected
to rise to $535 billion. The drug industry says it needs to cover
past research and development costs, for both drugs that get
approved and that fail. Pharmaceutical companies are spending
more money than ever on drug ads. This article answers my
question by giving many examples of how much Americans
spend on prescriptions and how much drug companies are
spending to develop and market the drugs. It helps me to prove
just how bad the problem is.
Critique: The evidence given as support in this article includes
a chronological timeline, percentage increases on drug prices,
and real stories about real people being affected directly from
the skyrocketing prices. The assumptions in this article are
definitely valid and allow the consumer to be informed on what
needs to be done to get government involved.
Beaugureau, Marie. "Why Are Prescription Drugs More
Expensive in the U.S. than in Other Countries?" GoodRx, 19
Dec. 2017, www.goodrx.com/blog/why-are-prescription-drugs-
more-expensive-in-the-us-than-in-other-countries/. Accessed 3
May 2018.
Thesis: Americans spend more money per capita on prescription
drugs than anywhere in the world.Summary: Single payer
healthcare, also known as universal healthcare in other

7. countries, is run by the government and paid for by the people.
This gives them more power to negotiate with drug companies
for the prices they are willing to pay. The U.S. does not impose
regulations or price constraints on drug companies. Countries
such as Canada do have regulations and constraints on what a
drug company can charge which eliminates price gouging. This
article answers my question in several different ways by
explaining how other countries health insurance works and the
different restraints for drug costs that they have that the U.S
does not.
Critique: I trust the information reported by this source; the
statistics are consistent with others I’ve seen, and the website
GoodRx is not affiliated or sponsored by any of the companies
it uses for the claims and comparisons. I would assume that the
assumptions in this article are valid since GoodRx has nothing
to lose or gain by posting this article.
Berman, Aaron, et al. "Curbing Unfair Drug Prices. A Primer
for States." Global Health Justice Partnership, Aug. 2017,
law.yale.edu/system/files/area/center/ghjp/documents/
curbing_unfair_drug_prices-policy_paper-080717.pdf. Accessed
25 May 2018. Thesis: Prescription costs for both new and old
drugs are rising faster than inflation in the United
States.Summary: The high prescription costs are not just limited
to new and unique drugs. Generic and older medications that
have been around are also being increased in price seemingly
overnight in some cases. The result of these drug increases is
costing Americans more by higher insurance premiums,
deductibles, and out of pocket drug payments. Americans have
few laws protecting their pockets against the price increases.
The Trump administration does have the power to lower drug
prices, but has yet to do so. This article answers my question
with several examples of drug price increases and how health
insurance across the board is costing Americans more. Included
in the article is also the possible plans and bills that could be
brought into legislature to help control the prices, but cannot be
done until the federal government acts on them.

8. Critique: There are five authors for this scholarly source. All of
them are Yale graduates. Two from the Yale School of Public
Health and three from Yale Law School, which give them all
good credibility as sources. The paper is also backed by the
Global Health Justice Partnership, National Physician's
Alliance, and the Universal Health Care Foundation of
Connecticut. The paper gave lots of stats, percentages, and
possible bills from each state that could help reduce
prescription drug costs as evidence. The evidence is
representative because of the many random samples of princes
around the country. This is a highly credible source because it
is informative and fact-based, with no bias.
"Big Pharma's Cash Flood Is Drowning Seniors." CNN Wire, 4
Apr. 2018. Opposing Viewpoints In Context,
ezproxy.shoreline.edu:2160/apps/doc/A533193428/OVIC?u=
shorlncc&sid=OVIC&xid=90e59bff. Accessed 21 Apr. 2018.
Thesis: The top selling drugs for senior citizens in America
have skyrocketed over the past five years.Summary: The
average mark up has been 12% per year with some even
doubling in price. Many seniors are actually skipping doses of
medication to have their prescription last longer. Senior citizens
are literally having to choose meals or pills. The pharmaceutical
industries greed is affecting a vulnerable community and their
huge mark-ups in pricing. This article pertains to my question
by showing not only are working Americans paying the highest
in prescription costs, but so are our elderly who are on fixed
incomes and Medicare.
Critique: I got this source from the opposing viewpoints
database; they are impartial to the drug companies and for the
people. The claims made in the article are biased, but still
expose the truth behind how the elderly are being effected by
these high prescription costs. This is not the strongest set of
evidence, but I still think it offers a valid, argument for the
plight of seniors in the United States.

9. Brody, Howard. "Conflicts of Interest." Philosophy: Medical
Ethics, edited by Craig M. Klugman, Farmington Hills,
Macmillan Reference USA, 2016, pp. 261-77. Macmillan
Interdisciplinary Handbooks. Gale Virtual Reference Library,
ezproxy.shoreline.edu:2160/apps/doc/CX3633500023/GVRL?u=
shorlncc&sid=GVRL&xid=564ba004. Accessed 21 Apr. 2018.
Thesis: The link between altruism and self-interest for
physician's. Patient care for most physician's is first and
foremost, but living a nice lifestyle is also enticing.
"The Facts About Rising Prescription Drug Costs." The
Campaign for Sustainable Rx Pricing, www.csrxp.org/wp-
content/uploads/2016/04/CSRxP_Facts-of-Rising-Rx-Prices.pdf.
Accessed 24 May 2018.
Kaplan, Sam. "Why Our Drugs Cost So Much." AARP, May
2017. AARP, www.aarp.org/health/drugs-supplements/info-
2017/rx-prescription-drug-pricing.html. Accessed 24 May 2018.
"Prescription Drug Prices in the US." JAMA, vol. 319, no. 10,
13 Mar. 2018, jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-
abstract/2674663. Accessed 26 May 2018. Scholarly Source
Stahl, Leslie, host. "The Rockford File." Produced by Richard
Bonin and Ayesha Siddiqi. 60 Minutes, season 50, episode 33,
ABC, 6 May 2018.
Thesis: The Rockford File is the story of how one very
expensive drug, threatened to cripple an entire city. One drug
for babies was only $40 a vial in 2003 and his since been
marked up to $40000 a vial in 2018. This news episode explains
in depth on how the city of Rockford, Illinois really explored
and unfolded how the pharmaceutical industry is able to hike
these prices buy creating monopolies in the industry.
"Trump Pledges to Work with Big Pharma to Lower Drug
Prices." CNN Wire, 31 Jan. 2017. Opposing Viewpoints In
Context, ezproxy.shoreline.edu:2160/
apps/doc/A479575393/OVIC?u=shorlncc&sid=OVIC&xid=3b65
ae1d. Accessed 21 Apr. 2018.
Thesis: The Trump administration has asked pharmaceutical

10. companies to bring production back to the U.S. and he will
lower regulations for getting drugs and new operating plants
approved.
Wapner, Jessica. "Trump's Plan for Lowering Big Pharma Drug
Prices Comes at a High Cost; Without Laws to Enforce Them,
the President's Ideas to Control Drug Prices Will Do Just the
opposite." Newsweek, vol. 168, no. 7, 24 Feb. 2017. Opposing
Viewpoints In Context,
ezproxy.shoreline.edu:2160/apps/doc/A481470577/OVIC?u=sho
rlncc&sid=OVIC&xid=b41923af. Accessed 21 Apr. 2018. The
president would like to increase competition in the
pharmaceutical industry by having "bidding wars." This would
cause a decrease in prices for the consumer.
Wazana, Ashley, MD. "Physician's and the Pharmaceutical
Industry. Is a Gift Ever Just a Gift?" JAMA: Journal of
American Medical Association, vol. 283, no. 3, 19 Jan. 2000,
med.stanford.edu/coi/journal%20articles/Wazana_A-
Is_A_Gift_Ever_Just_A_Gift.pdf. Accessed 17 May 2018.
Thesis: More than $11 billion is spent each year by
pharmaceutical companies for marketing and promoting
prescription drugs.
Summary:The interaction between the pharmaceutical industry
and physicians brings up many ethical and heated discussions
about doing what is best for the patient. Compensating
physicians with gifts both monetary and physical could only
make them bias to prescribing certain drugs. The gifts are not
solely to say thank you, they also have hidden reminders to
keep them coming. Ultimately the patients pay the bill for those
gifts with higher drug costs. This Scholarly Sourceanswers my
question by exposing some of the hidden costs in research,
marketing, and promoting done by the pharmaceutical industry.
Critique: The author of the article is an MD herself. Evidence
for this article was done by searching MEDLINE for articles
from 1994 to present with the headline, conflict of interest and
the drug industry. Further evidence of 538 studies also provide
data on any of the study questions targeted for retrieval, 29 of

11. which were included in the analysis of information for the
article. Considering this is a scholarly article with a lot of
research done I find this article to be credible.
Literature Review / Annotated Bibliography
Instructions
1. At the top of the page, write your research question in its
current form (reflecting whatever revisions you have made as
you continue to work on your research).
2. Below the research question,add the hypothesis or claim that
youi think at this point you are going to prove in your final
paper. This could change as you keep working, but it should be
relatively stable in your mind by now.
3. List, alphabetically by author’s last name (title if there is no
author), at least 10 sources, including 4 scholarly sources.
These should be sources that you intend to use in your final
research paper. For each source, present the following
information:
· Complete publication data, formatted according to MLA rules.
· The article’s thesis.
This part of the assignment may simply repeat the information
presented in the Ten Sources, if you are usnig the same source.
However, some of the sources will likely have changed as a
result of your ongoing research. Also, if yourTen Sources
assignment did not meet the requirements, this is your chance to
correct the problems.
4. For at least five of the sources, the following information
should also be included:
· A brief summary of its main points
· The article’s answer to your research question, or the part of
your research question that it contributes to.
· A briefcritique describing how persuasive the article is, based
on your evaluation of the evidence and/or the reasoning and
using key terms, Points to Note
· Theses and summaries should be in your own words. Do not
copy and paste.

12. · Some articles will not directly answer the question, but will
provide part of an answer, or background information for an
answer, or in some other way help you develop your own
answer. Your notes should indicate succinctly what role that
source plays in your project.
· You should have articles that provide different answers to the
question. In other words, there should be evidence of a debate
among your sources.
· At this point you probably have an idea of what you think the
correct answer to your question is. Therefore, you will be
agreeing with some of your sources and disagreeing with others.
· Your critiques should give an indication of why you consider
some sources more persuasive than others.
· If in critiquing your sources you find that the ones you agree
with have worse evidence and/or worse reasoning than those
you disagree with, be prepared to change your answer.
· Don’t critique reference works, newspaper articles, or other
purely factual reports. The whole idea of critique is to evaluate
the argument, and factual articles do not make arguments.
· Don’t use any sources that are not relevant to your question.
Grading
The paper will be scored on the following categories. Each will
receive a score of 4, 3, 2, 1 or 0. The total grade will be an
average of those scores.
· Sources are adequate and appropriate to the topic. (So)
· Complete publication data provided in MLA format. (P)
· Sources’ theses correctly identified, in own words. (T)
· Summaries of at least five sources list their main sections and
the point of each section. (Su)
· Those sources’ answers to the research question, or their
contribution to an answer, is clearly stated. (A)
· Critiques of those sources provided, using key terms to
evaluate their evidence and reasoning as they relate to proving
the source’s thesis. (C)
· There is evidence of a debate or different opinions among
sources. (D)

13. · Language (same requirements as earlier papers). (L) Literature
Review Assignment Rubric
This rubric describes the type of work that will earn a 4, 3, 2, 1
or 0 on each of the eight scored items (criteria) for this
assignment. Keep in mind that when multiple types of problems
are listed, a paper can receive a low score for any of those
problems, not just the combination of all of them. For example,
a paper can receive a 1 for Sources if it simply has too few
sources, regardless of whether there are also significant gaps in
coverage, lack of effort to find multiple perspectives, reference
works in place of other sources, or many irrelevant sources.
(over)
(over)