BuddhismWhat is BuddhismBuddhism is the religion of o.docx

Buddhism
What is Buddhism?
Buddhism is the religion of over 520 million people, primarily
concentrated in East and Southeast Asia.
The religion began in the fifth century BCE in India and Nepal,
growing out of the teachings of Gautama Buddha.
Buddhism does not center on a supreme deity. Many of its
varieties do not imagine anything supernatural at all.
Is Buddhism a “religion”?
“Everything that arises also passes away, so strive for what has
not arisen.”
At the heart of Buddhism are three “jewels”:
1. The Buddha
2. The Dharma (teachings)
3. the Sangha (community)

The First Gem: The Buddha
Around 500 BCE, a loosely defined kind of ascetic spirituality
was flourishing in northern India.
Landowning castes – Brahmins and Kshatriyas
Ascetics (Sramana) rejected Brahmin practices of wealth
accumulation and animal sacrifice.
The birth of Shakyamuni
Shakyamuni / Siddhartha was born between 488 and 624 BCE –
the traditions differ.
Tradition says that his enlightenment was nearly perfected
across hundreds of previous lives. In our world, he was born to
a ruling family in southern Nepal.
His birth is accompanied by signs and omens. It takes place in a
park – he is immaculately conceived.
The Four Sights
Siddhartha sees:
1. A sick man
2. A suffering old man
3. A dead man
…
…

4. An ascetic who is serene and detached from the world.
Siddhartha admires this man and gives away his princely
possessions. He travels and masters yoga.
Siddhartha embarks on a path of extreme asceticism, starving
and thirsty.
This does not give him the enlightenment he seeks.
Disillusioned with asceticism, Siddhartha moves to Bodh Gaya
and re-enters the comforts of the world.
He begins to comfortably meditate under a large fig tree.
Just before dusk, Siddhartha resists the assaults of greed,
boredom, and desire, and then fear and anger.
He meditates to move deeper into consciousness, rather than
unconsciousness.
Enlightenment
Just before dawn, Siddartha achieves enlightenment.
“I had direct knowledge. Birth is exhausted, the Holy Life has
been lived, what was to be done is done, there is no more of this

to come.”
He has achieved nirvana. Nirvana means
Being beyond desires
Feeling transcendent happiness
He sets out to spread his message across India.
The wheel of Dharma turns again
He explains his doctrine to his former companions.
This explanation is called the first discourse or sutra, called
“Instruction on the Middle Path”.
Buddha explains that enlightenment only came when he
1. renounced the luxury of his princely origins
2. renounced the extreme asceticism of his early spiritual
seeking.
Progress only comes through moderation, the “Middle Path”.
Parinirvana
After 45 years of preaching, Buddha falls ill after eating a bad
meal his host had served him.
As he weakens, he instructs his disciples not to follow a human
successor, but only the dharma.

He reaches parinirvana – the final end of the cycle of death and
rebirth – in a grove of trees at Kushinagar, at age 80.
Greco-Buddhism
After Alexander the Great’s conquests in the fourth century
BCE, Buddhists of Central Asia came into contact with Greek
culture.
Greco-Buddhism thrived for hundreds of years in modern
Afghanistan and Pakistan.
Silk Road Buddhism
Bamiyan Buddhas – built around 500 CE by Iranian Buddhists
in modern Afghanistan.

Dunhuang Caves – a vast Buddhist complex in western China,
constructed by Chinese and Turkic (Uyghur) Buddhists.
The Second Gem: The Dharma
In Buddhism, “dharma” means “eternal truth”, including the
laws of nature karma, and moral duty.
Buddha’s followers tried to regularize his insights into a system
of dharma.
The Four Noble Truths
1. No being can escape suffering.
2. Suffering comes from excessive desire.

3. Suffering ceases when desire ceases.
The Eightfold Path
1. Right understanding (of the Noble Truths)
2. Right thought
3. Right speech
4. Right conduct
5. Right livelihood
6. Right effort
7. Right mindfulness
8. Right meditation
The three characteristics of existence
Suffering
Impermanence
No-self (Anatman) – Personality is a shifting, impermanent
structure
Ignorance
Karma forms
A new individual
A new body-mind

Sense organs
Sense impressions
Conscious feelings
Craving
Clinging to things
Driving to be reborn
Old age and death
Rebirth
Sacred Texts
Shakyamuni/Siddhartha/Buddha did not write down his
teachings. They were memorized by monks.
The “Three Baskets” (Tripitaka)
Sutra Pitaka – Buddha’s discourse
Vinaya Pitaka – stories about the Buddha’s monastic practice
Abhidharma Pitaka – Analysis by early Buddhists.
The Tripitaka is also known as the Pali Canon, for the language
in which it was written. Pali is a descendant of Sanskrit spoken
in the areas where the Buddha lived.
Many other texts were later included in the Buddhist canons.
The Third Gem: The Sangha
Monks and nuns: Bhikshus and Bhikshunis
Laypeople
1. Those who have “entered the stream”
2. Those who will be reborn once more
3. Those who will achieve enlightenment during this life
4. Those who have already been enlightened

King Ashoka
Buddhism quickly spread across India. One convert was King
Ashoka (273-232 BCE), who ruled most of the region.
Ashoka’s reign was Buddhism’s golden age. He renounced
conquest by force and embraced “conquest by dharma”.
Ashoka was the model for future Buddhist rulers.
Divisions - The First Vehicle: Theravada
When the king of Sri Lanka contracted an alliance with Ashoka,
he allowed Buddhism to spread there. From there, it gradually
spread to Southeast Asia.
This Theravada form of Buddhism is the oldest to survive. It
believes in five precepts:
1. No taking life
2. No taking what is not given
3. No sexual immorality
4. No wrong speech
5. No intoxicants
Theravadins emphasize monasticism rather than lay practice.
They also do not believe in any deities or supernatural forces.
Rituals of Theravada
Almsgiving to monks

Buddha Day Festival (Vesak)
Vipassana: Mindfulness Meditation
Second Vehicle: Mahayana
Around 400 CE, a new movement arose.
Mahayana Buddhism emphasized laypeople, not monasticism.
In Mahayana Buddhism, Shakyamuni represents only one
manifestation of Buddhahood.
It also includes other bodhissatvas, or those on the path to
enlightenment.
Spiritual Progress and the Lay Sangha
The Buddha’s Three Bodies:
The Earthly Body
The Contented Body – the heavenly Buddha worshipped by
Mahayana Buddhists
The Dharma Body – the ultimate reality of the Universe
The Lay Sangha could gain merit by appealing to heavenly
beings who had been enlightened.
These bodhisattvas were like minor deities or saints. To be a
good Buddhist is to follow their example.

Mahayana Schools
Madhyamaka:
The “Middle Way” – no statement about reality is true.
“Nothing comes into being, nor does anything disappear.
Nothing is eternal, nor has anything an end. Nothing is identical
or differentiated. Nothing moves hither, nor moves anything
thither.”
Yogacara:
“Consciousness Only” – nothing else exists. To be enlightened,
make your consciousness identical with the universe.
Pure Land Buddhism
This form of Buddhism worships a mythical buddha called
Amitabha. Faith in Amitabha restores your soul to a “Pure
Land”.
Admission to the Pure Land can be reached through meditation
on Amitabha or through the repetition of prayers to him.
Pure Land Buddhism is popular in China and Japan, where the
majority of Buddhists belong to the Jodo Schoo.
Pure Land Devotion
Pure Land Buddhists repeat simple mantras, pleading for
Amitabha to transport the soul to the Pure Land.
“Namu Amida Butsu”

Chinese Pure Land Buddhism introduces an intermediary figure,
Guanyin, who intercedes to Amida on the petitioner’s behalf.
Chan-Zen Buddhism
Bodhidharma, a sixth-century Indian monk in China, is the
founder of Chan Buddhism.
Chan / Zen relies on paradox and wordlessness.
“Flower sermon”
Koans: paradoxical questions with no rational answer.
Absence of thoughts, absence of scriptures – knowledge
transmitted “mind to mind”
Bodhidarma was fond of telling a story about the Buddha. His
disciples had gathered around him expecting to hear a speech on
the dharma. Instead, Shakyamuni holds up a white lotus flower.
Only one of his disciples, Kashyapa, understood – and
experienced a flash of enlightenment.
Bodhidarma traces his lineage to Kashyapa. His Chan/Zen
movement argues that enlightenment is reached without words
or teaching.
This body is like the Bodhi-tree
the soul is like the mirror bright;
Take heed to keep it always clean,

And let no dust collect upon it
The Bodhi is not like the tree;
The mirror bright is nowhere shining
As there is nothing from the first,
Where does the dust itself collect?
Linji/Rinzai Zen:
Confrontational teaching style in search of “sudden
enlightenment”
Emphasis on koans, unexpected behavior
Caodong/Soto
Emphasis on long meditation (zazen)
Mahayana Practice
Meditation
In Zen, meditators sit and focus on breathing for an hour or
more. This is followed by walking meditation.
In Pure Land Buddhism, meditators achieve a vision of
Amitabha in several stages.
Koan training
The first koan: “Does a dog have a buddha-nature?”
“Yes” makes sense, because all living things have buddha-
nature.
However, the correct answer is “No”, which means
“nothingness”, the true meaning of the buddha mind. “No” is an
affirmation, and to say it means you have broken through
ordinary consciousness.

“How then are meditation and wisdom alike? They are like the
lamp and the light it gives forth. If there is a lamp there is light;
if there is no lamp there is no light. The lamp is the substance
of the light; the light is the function of the lamp. Thus, although
they have two names, in substance they are not two. Meditation
and wisdom are like this.”
Third Vehicle: Vajrayana
Vajrayana Buddhism is the newest vehicle. Adherents call it the
“third turning of the wheel of dharma”.
Vajrayana Buddhism is dominant in Tibet, Bhutan, and
Mongolia.
It is the most connected to the Hindu-Vedic tradition of all
contemporary Buddhist schools
Mantras and Tantra
Mantras are important to Vajrayana Buddhists.
“Om Mani Padme Hum” – “Om Jewel Lotus Hum”
Tantric Buddhism, like in Hindu tantra, seeks to harness the
esoteric energies of male and female energies. This is
symbolized by sacred designs called mandalas.

Vajrayana in Tibet
Buddhism came late to Tibet, and evolved unique features.
Tibetan Book of the Dead – to be read aloud to the dying.
The Dalai Lama – In the 16th century, a Tibetan Buddhist
missionary went to Mongolia and converted its ruler. The ruler
appointed him the Dalai Lama, or “Ocean of Wisdom”.
Since then, the spiritual and temporal leadership of Tibet passed
through Dalai Lamas.
Today’s Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, is the fourteenth. He lives
in exile in India.
In China, the bodhisattva Maitreya was combined with the
figure of the laughing monk Mi-Lo, and widely venerated in
China as a giver of good luck.
Popular Buddhism

Stupas and Pagodas
Stupas (or pagodas) are large tombs which devotees
circumambulate in a clockwise direction.
Temples
Buddhist temples grew out of monasteries. They usually involve
simple halls with an image of the Buddha or bodhisattvas at
their center.
Their hands make mudras, or special signs.
Monasteries
Buddhism in modern India
Buddhism faded in India after the second century CE, and was
replaced by a renewed Hinduism.
Recently, Buddhism has attracted low-caste Hindus.
Bhimrao Ambedkar, a prominent Indian politician, presided
over a mass conversion of thousands of fellow Dalits (outcastes)

to Buddhism in 1956.
Another mass conversion took place in 2007.
Buddhism in Southeast Asia
Theravada Buddhism in strong in Southeast Asia. In Myanmar
and Thailand, the monastic tradition continues uninterrupted.
In Cambodia and Laos, a communist history meant that
monasticism was somewhat weakened.
In Vietnam, the predominant faith is Mahayana Buddhism of the
Pure Land style.
Buddhism in modern China, Korea, and Japan
Pure Land and Chen Mahayana Buddhism remain important in
China.
The Chinese government leaves Han Chinese Buddhist
communities alone, but heavily regulates the Vajrayana
community of Tibet.
The Jodo (Pure Land) and Zen forms of Mahayana Buddhism
thrive in Japan.
In Korea, Buddhism is ceding ground to Christianity.

Buddhism in the West
The West has been fascinated by Buddhism since the 19th
century.
In particular, Westerners are attracted by
the absence of a supreme deity
Buddhism’s focus on the mind, consciousness, and the self
Its emphasis on meditation
Its tradition of nonviolence
Buddhism, to many Westerners, is the religion that most closely
reinforces secular, humanistic values.
Vipassana and Zen meditation techniques have become the
foundation of modern “mindfulness” meditation practices.
Ethnic congregations
Conflicts

Buddhists are not exempt from political violence
The Buddhist majority in Myanmar is currently accuse of
waging an ethnic cleansing campaign against the country’s
Muslim minority, the Rohingya. Many have fled to Bangladesh
The Buddhist majority in Sri Lanka has waged a long war
against Tamil Hindu separatists in its north.
Grand Canyon University
American Psychological Association [APA] Style Guide for
WritingIntroduction
Students of Grand Canyon University (GCU) are required to use
the guidelines provided by the Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association (6th ed.) for preparing
written assignments, except where otherwise noted. GCU has
made APA templates and other resources available within the
Student Success Center; therefore, students are not required to
purchase the APA manual.
PLEASE NOTE:
The curriculum materials (Syllabus, Lectures/Readings,
Resources, etc.) created and provided by GCU in the online or
Web-enhanced modalities are prepared using an editorial format
that relies on APA as a framework but that modifies some
formatting criteria to better suit the nature and purpose of
instructional materials. Students and faculty are advised that
GCU course materials do not adhere strictly to APA format and
should not be used as examples of correct APA format when
preparing written work for class.
APA Format and Style

General
Academic writing, which is independent thought supported by
reliable and relevant research, depends on the ability to
integrate and cite the sources that have been consulted. Use
APA style for all references, in-text citations, formatting, etc.
Write in first- and second-person sparingly, if ever. This means,
avoid using I, we, and you; instead, use he, she, and they. Do
not use contractions.Paper Format
1) Use standard-sized paper of 8.5″ x 11″.
2) Margins should be 1″ all around (top, bottom, left, right).
3) Use Times New Roman 12-point font.
4) For emphasis, use italics (not quotation marks, bold, etc.).
5) Double-space.
6) Align the text flush left. Organization
The basic organization of an APA-style paper includes the title
page, abstract, body, and reference section, though students are
encouraged to follow any specific directions given in their
Overview assignment.
Title Page
The title page includes four elements that should be centered in
the middle of the page: title, author byline, institutional
affiliation followed by the course prefix and number (e.g.,
Grand Canyon University: PSY 351), and date of submission.
Please note that even though APA does not require the date on a
title page, it is a requirement for GCU papers.
Being the first page, the title page is where to set up your page
header, which includes the running head and the page number.
The running head—an abbreviated title that is a maximum of 50
characters—should appear flush left in all uppercase letters in
the header on all pages. Page numbers should be in the header,
flush right.
To format your running head and page numbers in Microsoft
Word 2010, click InsertHeader Blank. In the header box that
shows up, type Running head: ABBREVIATED TITLE HERE.

After the title, tab over till the cursor is at the right margin,
highlight the space, and click InsertPage Number and select
Current PositionPlain Number.
Abstract
The abstract covers the main points of the paper and is not
always required in a GCU writing assignment. Read the
assignment instructions carefully to determine whether the
assignment requires an abstract or not.
1) Abstract is page 2 of the assignment.
2) The word Abstract should be centered at the top of the page.
3) As per GCU policy, the abstract should not exceed 120
words.
4) Do not indent the abstract paragraph.
Body
The body will contain all of the author's main points as well as
detailed and documented support for those ideas.
1) The body begins on its own page.
2) The title of the paper should be centered at the top of the
first page of the body, in initial caps.
3) The introduction follows the title, but is not labeled.
4) Use headings to separate sections of the paper, but none of
the sections should start their own page. The first level of
heading is centered and bolded with each word of four letters or
more capitalized (see template for an example). The second
level of heading (subheading) is flush left and bolded, with each
word of four letters or more capitalized. Note that not all papers
will have headings or subheadings in them. APA dictates that
you should avoid having only one subsection heading and
subsection within a section. In other words, use at least two
subheadings under a main heading, or do not use any at all.
References
The references page will contain a list of all sources actually
cited in the paper.

1) This should start its own page.
2) The word References, though not in italics, is centered at the
top of the page.
3) Include all, any, and only sources that were actually cited in
the paper.
4) Arrange the sources in alphabetical order using the authors'
last names.
Style, Punctuation, and Mechanics
Numbers
1) Use numerals for numbers 10 and above (12 of the subjects);
for numbers above and below 10 grouped for comparison (2 of
16 responses); for numbers representing times, dates,
measurements, and ages (2-year-olds, 2 hr 15 min); for statistics
and percentages (multiplied by 5, 5% of the sample); and for
numbers denoting a specific place in a series, book, or table
(Table 3, Group 3, page 32).
2) Spell out numbers below 10 that do not represent precise
measurements (eight items, nine pages); for numbers beginning
a sentence, title, or heading (Forty-eight people responded. Ten
subjects improved.); for common fractions (one fifth of the
class); and for approximations of numbers of days, months, and
years (about three months ago).
Acronyms
An acronym uses the first letter of each word in a name or title.
1) Acronyms must be spelled out completely on initial
appearance in text. The abbreviation or acronym should appear
in parentheses after that initial spelling out.
Example:
The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) had a profound impact
on public education in the United States. The NCLB was an
initiative of President George W. Bush in 2002.
Spelling and Word Usage
Use Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary as a default for

spelling words. The dictionary can also be used as a resource
for hyphenation, capitalization, etc.
In-Text Punctuation
1) According to the American Psychological Association (APA),
one space after terminal punctuation is considered correct for
papers submitted for a grade.
2) Use ellipses when omitting material within a quote.
3) Place a comma after the penultimate word in a series. For
example: Your books, ball, and bat are under the bed.
4) If a compound word is not in Merriam-Webster's Collegiate
Dictionary, use hyphens for clarity rather than omit them.
5) Hyphenate compound adjectives that precede the noun they
modify, except when the first word of the compound is an
adverb ending in -ly. For example: role-playing technique, two-
way analysis, middle-class families, widely used method
6) Do not hyphenate a compound adjective if its meaning is
established or it cannot be misread. For example: grade point
average, health care management
7) See page 98 of the APA Manual for further rules on
hyphenation.
Initial Capitalization
1) Capitalize all words of four or more letters in titles (books,
articles, etc.) used in text. This rule does not apply within the
References section, except for the titles of periodicals.
2) Capitalize proper nouns and names.In-Text Citations
In-text citations are used in the body of a paper to show which
sources a student used for particular material.
When you use material from a source, you need to document
that source by using a citation and reference note. All
quotations, paraphrases, and summaries must be referenced.
Using material from a source without citing that source is
considered plagiarism; please reference GCU's policy on
Plagiarism in the University Policy Handbook.

Citation Rules
1) In-text citations should note the author information, plus the
publication year.
2) For a work by one author, cite last name followed by year on
every reference. This citation can be placed at the end of the
sentence, or it can be incorporated into the grammatical
structure of the sentence.
Examples:
Researchers have concluded that food and comfortable setting
were more important than games available to most students
(Liu, 1999).
According to Liu (1999), researchers have concluded that food
and comfortable setting were more important than games
available to most students.
3) For a work by two authors, cite both last names followed by
year on every reference.
Examples:
(Walker & Allen, 2004)
According to Walker and Allen (2004)...
4) For a work by three to five authors, cite all last names
followed by year on first reference, and the first author's last
name followed by et al. and year upon subsequent references.
Examples:
(Bradley, Ramirez, Soo, & Walsh, 2006)
(Bradley et al., 2006)
5) For a work by six or more authors, cite last name of the first
author followed by et al. and the year on all references.
Examples:
(Wasserstein et al., 2005)
According to Wasserstein et al. (2005)…
6) If no author exists for the source, use the first few words of
the title.
Example:
Students were more concerned about having a place to socialize
with other students than about all-out competition ("Philosophy
and the Science," 2001).

7) When referencing the Bible, cite the book, chapter number,
and verse number(s) (starting and ending). The first time the
Bible is cited in the paper, also include the version used. This
system of citation for the Bible is sufficient and requires no
reference note for the Bible on the References page.
Examples:
· Citing the Bible, first reference: Use book, chapter, verse,
and version (Luke 2:16-20 King James Version).
· Citing the Bible, subsequent references: Use only book,
chapter, and verse (Luke 2:16-20).
8) If the material is a direct quote, the page or paragraph
number of the source should immediately follow.
Examples:
"Ethics examines moral values and the standards of ethical
behavior"
(Ornstein et al., 2008, p. 162).
Basu and Jones (2007) went so far as to suggest the need for a
new "intellectual framework in which to consider the nature and
form of regulation in cyberspace"
(para. 4).
9) Quotations with 40 or more words should be in block format.
a. Omit the encompassing quotation marks.
b. Start a block quote on a new line.
c. Indent the entire block 0.5 inches from the left margin (in the
same position as a new paragraph)
d. Additional paragraphs within a block quote should have the
first line indented an additional 0.5 inches.
e. The in-text citation for a block quote is placed outside the
final punctuation for the quote.
f. Double space.
Sample Paragraph With In-Text Citations
Liu and Berry (1999) conducted a survey of college campuses to
determine the best design for a student lounge. They concluded

that food and comfortable seating were more important than
games available to most students. Students were more
concerned about having a place to socialize with other students
than about all-out competition. In fact, they continue,
arcade games could be a turn-off for some students because they
did not want to compete with the noise to talk. These same
students said that they would prefer to have a place where they
could study and casually socialize at the same time, so seating,
lighting, and noise level were all crucial. (Liu & Berry, 1999, p.
14)
This study and others (Wendell, 1978; Hartford, Herriford, &
Hampshire, 2001; Johnson et al., 2004) confirm that while
having activities is important, students are more drawn to
comfortable multi-purpose environments.
In-Text Citation ExamplesBook Reference:
Ellis, D. (2006). Becoming a master student. Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company.With a direct quote:
Ellis (2006) notes that "creative thinking is more appropriate in
the early stages of planning and problem solving" (p. 223).
Without a direct quote:
It may be more appropriate to think creatively during earlier
planning and problem-solving stages (Ellis, 2006).
APA References
The reference list should appear at the end of a paper. It
provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and
retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Each
source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list;
likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your
text.
Your references should begin on a new page separate from the
text of the essay; label this page References (with no quotation
marks, underlining, etc.), centered at the top of the page. The
References page should be double-spaced just like the rest of
your essay.
1) All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference

list should be indented one-half inch from the left margin. This
is called hanging indentation.
2) Invert all authors' names; give surnames and initials for up to
and including seven authors (e.g., Author, A. A., Author B. B.,
Author, C. C.). When authors number eight or more, include the
first six authors' names, then insert three ellipses, and add the
last author's name.
Example:
Gilber, D. G., McClernon, J. F., Rabinovich, N. E., Sugai, C.,
Plath, L. C., Asgaard, G., … Botros, N. (2004). Effects of
quitting smoking on EEG activation and attention. Nicotine and
Tobacco Research, 6, 249-267.
doi:10.1080/14622200410001676305
3) In reference notes for journal articles, include both the
volume and issue numbers if each issue of the journal is
paginated separately (i.e., beings with page 1). If the journal
paginates continuously throughout the volume, then use only the
volume number in the reference note.
4) Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name
of the first author of each work.
5) If you have more than one article by the same author, single-
author references or multiple-author references with the exact
same authors in the exact same order are listed in order by the
year of publication, starting with the earliest.
6) When referring to any work that is NOT a journal—such as a
book, article, or Web page title—capitalize only the first letter
of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a
colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize
the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound
word.
Reference Examples: Books, Reference Books, and Book
Chapters
Entire Book — Print Version
Format:
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work. Location: Publisher.

Example:
Daresh, J. C. (2004). Beginning the assistant principalship: A
practical guide for new school administrators. Thousand Oaks,
CA: Corwin.
Electronic Version of a Print Book
Format:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of work. Retrieved
from http://www.xxxxx
Example:
Shotton, M.A. (1989). Computer addiction?A study of computer
dependency [DX Reader version]. Retrieved from
http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/html/index.asp
Format:
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work. doi:xxxx
Example:
Schiraldi, G. R. (2001). The post-traumatic stress disorder
sourcebook: A guide to healing, recovery, and growth [Adobe
Digital Editions version]. doi:10.1036/0071393722
Electronic-Only Book
Format:
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work. Retrieved from
http://www.xxxxx
Example:
O'Keefe, E. (n.d.). Egoism and the crisis in Western values.
Retrieved from
http://www.onlineoriginals.com/showitem.asp?itemID=135
Edited Book
Format:
Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (Year). Title of work. Location: Publisher.
Example:
Feldman, P. R. (Ed.). (1997). British women poets of the
romantic era. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University.

Chapter in a Book
Format (Print):
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of chapter or entry.
In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx-
xxx). Location: Publisher.
Example (Print):
Haybron, D. M. (2008). Philosophy and the science of
subjective well-being. In M. Eid & R. J. Larsen (Eds.), The
science of subjective well-being (pp. 17-43). New York, NY:
Guilford Press.
Format (Online):
xxx). Retrieved from http://www.xxxx
Example (Online):
science of subjective well-being (pp. 17-43). Retrieved from
http://www.science.com/ Philosophy and the science.pdf
Format (Online with DOI):
xxx). doi:xxxxxxx
Example (Online with DOI):
science of subjective well-being (pp. 17-43).
doi:10.1037/10762-000
Multiple Editions of a Book
Format:
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work (xx ed.). Location:
Publisher.
Example:

Parker, F., & Riley, K. (2004). Linguistics for non-linguists: A
primer with exercises (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Entry in an Online Reference Work — Byline Available
Format:
Author, A. A. (Year). Entry title. In B. B. Editor (Ed.), Title of
reference work (xx ed.). Retrieved from http://www.xxxxx
Example:
Graham, G. (2005). Behaviorism. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The
Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Fall 2007 ed.). Retrieved
from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ behaviorism
Entry in an Online Reference Work — No Byline Available
Format:
Entry title. (Year). In Title of reference work (xx ed.).
Retrieved from http://www.xxxx
Example:
Heuristic. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster's online dictionary (11th
ed.). Retrieved from http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/heuristic
Entry in Reference Work — No Byline
Format:
Entry title. (Year). In A. Editor (Ed.), Title of reference work
(xx ed., Vol. xx, pp. xxx-xxx). Location: Publisher.
Example:
Heuristic. (2007). In J. Smith (Ed.), The book of words (7th ed.,
Vol 3, pp. 65-66). New York, NY: Jones and Lawrence.
Book Written and Published by Organization
Format:
Organization Name. (Year). Title of work. Location: Publisher.
Example:
American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication
manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.).
Washington, DC: Author.

Note that the organization is both the publisher and the author,
so the word "Author" is noted in place of the publisher's
name.The Holy Bible
The Bible does not need to be listed on the reference page, but
it does need to be cited in-text. (Refer to in-text citation
rule.)Reference Examples: Periodicals
Journal Article With DOI
Format:
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Journal Title,
Volume(Issue), xxx-xxx. doi:xxxxxx
Example:
Kalpič, B., & Bernus, P. (2006). Business process modeling
through the knowledge management perspective. Journal of
Knowledge Management, 10(3), 40-56.
doi:10.1108/13673270610670849
Journal Article Without DOI and Retrieved From Internet
Format:
Volume(Issue), xxx-xxx. Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxxxx
Example:
Sillick, T. J., & Schutte, N. S. (2006). Emotional intelligence
and self-esteem mediate between perceived early parental love
and adult happiness. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 2(2), 38-
48. Retrieved from http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap
Journal Article Without DOI and Retrieved From Print Version
Format:
Volume(Issue), xxx-xxx.
Example:
Light, M. A., & Light, I. H. (2008). The geographic expansion
of Mexican immigration in the United States and its
implications for local law enforcement. Law Enforcement

Executive Forum Journal, 8(1), 73-82.Article in a Magazine —
Print
Format:
Author, A. A. (Year, Month). Article title. Magazine Title,
Volume(Issue), xxx-xxx.
Example:
Mehta, P. B. (1998, June). Exploding myths. New Republic,
290(25), 17-19.
Article in a Magazine — Online
Format:
Author, A. A. (Year, Month). Article title. Magazine Title,
Volume(Issue). Retrieved from http://www.homepage
Example:
Clay, R. (2008, June). Science vs. ideology: Psychologists fight
back about the misuse of research. Monitor on Psychology,
39(6). Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/monitor
Article in a Newspaper — Print
Format:
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Newspaper
Title, pp. xx, xx.
Example:
Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic,
social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.
Article in Newspaper — Online
Format:
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Newspaper
Title. Retrieved from http://www.homepage.com
Example:
Brody, J. E. (2007, December 11). Mental reserves keep brain
agile. The New York Times. Retrieved from
http://www.nytimes.com

Report from University or Government Organization, Corporate
Author
Format:
Organization name. (Year). Title of report (Publication No. xx).
Retrieved from http://www.xxxx
Example:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National
Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.
(2003). Managing asthma: A guide for schools (NIH Publication
No. 02-2650). Retrieved from
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/asthma/asth_sch.pdf
Authored Report from Nongovernmental Organization
Format:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of report (Research
Report No. xxx). Retrieved from Agency name website:
http://www.xxxxxxxxx
Example:
Kessy, S. S. A., & Urio, F. M. (2006). The contribution of
microfinance institutions to poverty reduction in Tanzania
(Research Report No. 06.3). Retrieved from Research on
Poverty Alleviation website:
http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/Publications/Reports
/06.3_Kessy_and_Urio.pdf
Web Pages
The basic format for referencing Web pages is as follows:
Format:
Author, A. A. (year). Title of work [format description].
Retrieved from http://URL.
Note: The format description in brackets is used when the
format is something out of the ordinary, such as a blog post or
lecture notes. For other examples of format descriptions, refer
to page 186 of the Publication Manual. If no date is given for
the work, use (n.d.).

Examples:
Author Known
Landis, B. (1996). Carlisle Indian Industrial School
history.Retrieved from http://home.epix.net/~landis/histry.html
Author Unknown
TCA Abu Dhabi launches new Global Destination campaign.
(2016, November 1). Retrieved from
http://www.uaeinteract.com/news/default3.asp?ID=20
Note: Use the article title or Web page title as the first element
of the citation if the author is unavailable.
When discussing an entire website (as opposed to a specific
page on the website), an entry does not appear in the reference
list, but is cited within text as shown in the following sample
sentence:
The International Council of Museums website provides many
links to museums, codes of ethics, and the museum profession
(http://www.icom.org/).
© 2014 Grand Canyon University 1 Last updated:
November 4, 2016
© 2014 Grand Canyon University 16 Last updated:
November 4, 2016
Running head: ASSIGNMENT TITLE HERE
1
PAGE
3
ASSIGNMENT TITLE HERE
Typing Template for APA Papers: A Sample of Proper
Formatting for the APA 6th Edition Student A. Sample

Grand Canyon University: <Course>
<Date>
<Note: Even though APA does not require the
date on a title page, it is a requirement for GCU papers.>
Typing Template for APA Papers: A Sample of Proper
Formatting for the APA 6th Edition
This is an electronic template for papers written in APA style
(American Psychological Association, 2010). The purpose of
the template is to help the student set the margins and spacing.
Margins are set at 1 inch for top, bottom, left, and right. The
type is left-justified only—that means the left margin is
straight, but the right margin is ragged. Each paragraph is
indented five spaces. It is best to use the tab key to indent. The
line spacing is double throughout the paper, even on the
reference page. One space is used after punctuation at the end
of sentences. The font style used in this template is Times New
Roman and the font size is 12.
First Heading
The heading above would be used if you want to have your
paper divided into sections based on content. This is the first
level of heading, and it is centered and bolded with each word
of four letters or more capitalized. The heading should be a
short descriptor of the section. Note that not all papers will
have headings or subheadings in them.
First Subheading
The subheading above would be used if there are several
sections within the topic labeled in a heading. The subheading
is flush left and bolded, with each word of four letters or more
capitalized.

Second Subheading
APA dictates that you should avoid having only one subsection
heading and subsection within a section. In other words, use at
least two subheadings under a main heading, or do not use any
at all.
When you are ready to write, and after having read these
instructions completely, you can delete these directions and
start typing. The formatting should stay the same. However, one
item that you will have to change is the page header, which is
placed at the top of each page along with the page number. The
words included in the page header should be reflective of the
title of your paper, so that if the pages are intermixed with other
papers they will be identifiable. When using Word 2003, double
click on the words in the page header. This should enable you to
edit the words. You should not have to edit the page numbers.
In addition to spacing, APA style includes a special way of
citing resource articles. See the APA manual for specifics
regarding in-text citations. The APA manual also discusses the
desired tone of writing, grammar, punctuation, formatting for
numbers, and a variety of other important topics. Although the
APA style rules are used in this template, the purpose of the
template is only to demonstrate spacing and the general parts of
the paper. The student will need to refer to the APA manual for
other format directions. GCU has prepared an APA Style Guide
available in the Student Writing Center for additional help in
correctly formatting according to APA style.
The reference list should appear at the end of a paper (see the
next page). It provides the information necessary for a reader to
locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper.
Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference
list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in
your text. A sample reference page is included below; this page

includes examples of how to format different reference types
(e.g., books, journal articles, information from a website). The
examples on the following page include examples taken directly
from the APA manual.
References
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication
manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.).
Washington, DC: Author.
Daresh, J. C. (2004). Beginning the assistant principalship: A
practical guide for new school administrators. Thousand Oaks,
CA: Corwin.
Herbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer support,
marital status, and the survival times of terminally ill patients.
Health Psychology, 24, 225-229. doi:10.1037/0278-
6133.24.2.225
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National
Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.
(2003). Managing asthma: A guide for schools (NIH Publication
No. 02-2650). Retrieved from http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/
health/prof/asthma/asth_sch.pdf

BuddhismWhat is BuddhismBuddhism is the religion of o.docx

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to BuddhismWhat is BuddhismBuddhism is the religion of o.docx

Similar to BuddhismWhat is BuddhismBuddhism is the religion of o.docx (16)

More from AASTHA76

More from AASTHA76 (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

BuddhismWhat is BuddhismBuddhism is the religion of o.docx