project report

1. AUTO SPEED CONTROL OF SOLAR CAR AT SPECIFIED
LOCATIONS LIKE SCHOOL ZONES / HOSPITALS /
RESIDENTIAL AREAS

2. ABSTRACT
India is a country where the maximum number of deaths occurs due to road accidents and most
of these occur due to over speeding. Various attempts have been made to produce reliable and
efficient means of detecting over speeding vehicles. The hand held over speeding detector is one
such device. The disadvantage of such a device was that it was heavy and required expert hands
for its operation; also by the time a speed reading is obtained, the vehicle would have gone. Solar
panels (arrays of photovoltaic cells) make use of renewable energy from the sun, and are a clean
and environmentally sound means of collecting solar energy. IR transmission – reception
principle. This vehicle can be moved using geared motors of 60RPM without anybody’s control..
This project uses AT89S52 MCU as its controller.
Even if strict laws are there vehicle owners neglect these rule. The policemen usually uses a
radar to identify the over speed. But radar is very expensive. Using microcontrollers we can
make efficient over speed detector which can take 5sec duration of the suspected vehicle which
will help police to identify the over speeding vehicle With the help of sensors , the
microcontroller will detect the over speeding vehicle and will trigger the buzzer.
This project has an IR transmitter and a receiver. Whenever an obstacle is detected, the IR light
will be reflected, and received by the IR receiver. This sends a signal to microcontroller and the
direction of the robot will be changed to avoid collision with the obstacle .In this project, L293D
H-Bridge is used to drive the geared DC motor.
The special features of this device are that it can be operated from as far as 10m and thus the
over speeding vehicle can easily be identified. This project better suits at three different areas
such as one at the school zone, a the other at traffic zone and one more at hospital area.
This project uses regulated 5V, 500mA power supply. Unregulated 12V DC is used for relay.
7805 three terminal voltage regulator is used for voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave
rectifier is used to rectify the ac out put of secondary of 230/12V step down transformer

3. BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig 1:- Block Diagram
The above given fig shows the circuit block diagram of Auto Speed Control of Solar Car at
Specified Locations like School Zones / Hospitals / Residential Areas. Controller is the heart of
system .We use here 89s52 microcontroller. IR sensors are used for the different zones here. The
above mentioned system requires regulated power supply of +5V, 500mA regulated and use of
one solar panel is made to provide the output of 12V LCD display use 16-character, 2-line
(16X2). Two DC motors are used to drive car. Reset circuit is used for reset.
Power
Supply
AT
89S52
CRYSTAL
RESET
CIRCUIT
SENSORs
IR
1.Zonal 1
2.Zonal 2
3.Zonal 3
LCD Display
BUZZER
H-bridge
DC
Motor
DC
Motor

4. Power Supply:
POWER SUPPLY TO ALL SECTION
A. Solar Panel:
Photovoltaic’s is the field of technology and research related to the devices which directly
convert sunlight into electricity. The solar cell is the elementary building block of the
photovoltaic technology. Solar cells are made of semiconductor materials, such as silicon. One of
the properties of semiconductors that makes them most useful is that their conductivity may
easily be modified by introducing impurities into their crystal lattice. For instance, in the
fabrication of a photovoltaic solar cell, silicon, which has four valence electrons, is treated to
increase its conductivity. On one side of the cell, the impurities, which are phosphorus atoms
with five valence electrons (n-donor), donate weakly bound valence electrons to the silicon
material, creating excess negative charge carriers. On the other side, atoms of boron with three
valence electrons (p-donor) create a greater affinity than silicon to attract electrons. Because the-
type silicon is in intimate contact with the n-type silicone p-n junction is established and a
diffusion of electrons occurs from the region of high electron concentration (the n type side) into
the region of low electron concentration (p-type side). When the electrons diffuse across the p-n
junction, they recombine with holes on the p-type side. However, the diffusion of carriers does
not occur indefinitely, because the imbalance of charge immediately on either sides of the
junction originates an electric field. This electric field forms a diode that promotes current to
flow in only one direction. Ohm metal semiconductor contacts are made to both the n-type and
p-type sides of the solar cell, and the electrodes are ready to be connected to an external load.
When photons of light fall on the cell, they transfer their energy to the charge carriers. The
electric field across the junction separates photo-generated positive charge carriers (holes). From
their negative counterpart (electrons). In this way an electrical current is extracted once the
circuit is closed on an external load. There are several types of solar cells. However, more than
SOLAR
PANEL
BATTERY

5. 90 % of the solar cells currently made worldwide consist of wafer-based silicon cells. They are
either cut from a single crystal rod or from a block composed of many crystals and are
correspondingly called mono-crystalline or multi-crystalline silicon solar cells. Wafer-based
silicon solar cells are approximately 200 μm thick. Another important family of solar cells is
based on thin-films, which are approximately 1-2 μm thick and therefore require significantly
less active, semiconducting material. Thin-film solar cells can be manufactured at lower cost in
large production quantities; hence their market share will likely increase in the future. However,
they indicate lower efficiencies than wafer based silicon solar cells, which means that more
exposure. A number of solar cells electrically connected to each other and mounted in a single
support structure or frame is called a “photovoltaic module”. Modules are designed to supply
electricity at a certain voltage, such as a common 12 volt system. The current produced is
directly dependent on the intensity of light reaching the module. Several modules can be wired
together to form an array. Photovoltaic modules and arrays produce Direct - current electricity.
They can be connected in both series and parallel electrical arrangements to produce any
required voltage and current combination. There are two main types of photovoltaic system. Grid
connected systems (on-grid systems) are connected to the grid and inject the electricity into the
grid. For this reason; the direct current produced by the solar modules is converted into a grid-
compatible alternating current. However, solar power plants can also be operated without the
grid and are then called autonomous systems (off-grid systems). More than 90 % of photovoltaic
systems worldwide are currently implemented as grid-connected systems. The power
conditioning unit also monitors the functioning of the system and the grid and switches off the
system in case of fault
B. Lead Acid Battery:
Lead acid batteries are one of the most popular types of battery in electronics. Although slightly
lower in energy density than lithium metal, lead acid is safe, provided certain precautions are met
when charging and discharging. This have a many advantages over other conventional types of
batteries, the lead acid battery is the optimum choice for a solar assisted bicycle. Current
supplied from battery indicates the flow of energy from the battery and is measured in amperes
(or Amps) . The higher the current flow faster the battery will discharge. A battery is rated in
ampere-hours (abbreviated Ah) and this is called the battery capacity. This project revolves

6. around supplying and utilizing energy within a high voltage battery. It demands for a battery
with longer running hours, lighter weight with respect to its high output voltage and higher
energy density. Among all the existing rechargeable battery systems, the lead acid cell
technology is the most efficient and practical choice for the desired application. The battery
chosen for this project was a high capacity lead acid battery pack designed specifically for
vehicles. Plastic casing is provided to house the internal components of the battery
RF Based Wireless Remote using RX-TXMODULES (434MHz.)
Summary of the project
This circuit utilizes the RF module (Tx/Rx) for making a wireless remote, which could be used
to drive an output from a distant place. RF module, as the name suggests, uses radio frequency to
send signals. These signals are transmitted at a particular frequency and a baud rate. A receiver
can receive these signals only if it is configured for that frequency.
A four channel encoder/decoder pair has also been used in this system. The input signals, at the
transmitter side, are taken through four switches while the outputs are monitored on a set of four
LEDs corresponding to each input switch. The circuit can be used for designing Remote
Appliance Control system. The outputs from the receiver can drive corresponding relays
connected to any household appliance.

7. Description
This radio frequency (RF) transmission system employs Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) with
transmitter/receiver (Tx/Rx) pair operating at 434 MHz. The transmitter module takes serial
input and transmits these signals through RF. The transmitted signals are received by the receiver
module placed away from the source of transmission.
The system allows one way communication between two nodes, namely, transmission and
reception. The RF module has been used in conjunction with a set of four channel
encoder/decoder ICs. Here HT12E & HT12D have been used as encoder and decoder
respectively. The encoder converts the parallel inputs (from the remote switches) into serial set
of signals. These signals are serially transferred through RF to the reception point. The decoder
is used after the RF receiver to decode the serial format and retrieve the original signals as
outputs. These outputs can be observed on corresponding LEDs.
Fig 2:- RF Transmitter and RF Receiver

8. Encoder IC (HT12E) receives parallel data in the form of address bits and control bits. The
control signals from remote switches along with 8 address bits constitute a set of 12 parallel
signals. The encoder HT12E encodes these parallel signals into serial bits. Transmission is
enabled by providing ground to pin14 which is active low. The control signals are given at pins
10-13 of HT12E. The serial data is fed to the RF transmitter through pin17 of HT12E.
Fig.3 RF transmitter block diagram

9. Transmitter, upon receiving serial data from encoder IC (HT12E), transmits it wirelessly to the
RF receiver. The receiver, upon receiving these signals, sends them to the decoder IC (HT12D)
through pin2. The serial data is received at the data pin (DIN, pin14) of HT12D. The decoder
then retrieves the original parallel format from the received serial data.
Fig.4 RF receiver
When no signal is received at data pin of HT12D, it remains in standby mode and consumes very
less current (less than 1µA) for a voltage of 5V. When signal is received by receiver, it is given
to DIN pin (pin14) of HT12D. On reception of signal, oscillator of HT12D gets activated. IC
HT12D then decodes the serial data and checks the address bits three times. If these bits match
with the local address pins (pins 1-8) of HT12D, then it puts the data bits on its data pins (pins
10-13) and makes the VT pin high. An LED is connected to VT pin (pin17) of the decoder. This
LED works as an indicator to indicate a valid transmission. The corresponding output is thus
generated at the data pins of decoder IC.
A signal is sent by lowering any or all the pins 10-13 of HT12E and corresponding signal is
received at receiver’s end (at HT12D). Address bits are configured by using the by using the first
8 pins of both encoder and decoder ICs. To send a particular signal, address bits must be same at
encoder and decoder ICs. By configuring the address bits properly, a single RF transmitter can
also be used to control different RF receivers of same frequency.

10. To summarize, on each transmission, 12 bits of data is transmitted consisting of 8 address bits
and 4 data bits. The signal is received at receiver’s end which is then fed into decoder IC. If
address bits get matched, decoder converts it into parallel data and the corresponding data bits
get lowered which could be then used to drive the LEDs. The outputs from this system can either
be used in negative logic or NOT gates (like 74LS04) can be incorporated at data pins.

11. Technical Specifications:
Title of the project :Auto speed control of solar car at specified locations like
school zones / hospitals / residential areas
Domain : Embedded Systems Design
Software : Embedded C, Keil, Proload
Microcontroller : AT89S52
Power Supply : +5V, 500mA Regulated Power Supply
Solar Panel : 1
Display : LCD
LCD : 16-character, 2-line (16X2)
LED : 5mm
Relay : DPDT
Crystal : 11.0592MHz
Sensor : IR Sensor

12. Circuit
Diagram
Fig. 5 RF transmitter and receiver

13. COMPONENTS USED
1. HT12D DECODER
Download Datasheet: HT12D.pdf
Fig.5 IC HT12D
HT12D IC comes from HolTek Company. HT12D is a decoder integrated circuit that belongs to
212 series of decoders. This series of decoders are mainly used for remote control system
applications, like burglar alarm, car door controller, security system etc. It is mainly provided to
interface RF and infrared circuits. They are paired with 212 series of encoders. The chosen pair of
encoder/decoder should have same number of addresses and data format.
In simple terms, HT12D converts the serial input into parallel outputs. It decodes the serial
addresses and data received by, say, an RF receiver, into parallel data and sends them to output
data pins. The serial input data is compared with the local addresses three times continuously.
The input data code is decoded when no error or unmatched codes are found. A valid
transmission in indicated by a high signal at VT pin.
HT12D is capable of decoding 12 bits, of which 8 are address bits and 4 are data bits. The data
on 4 bit latch type output pins remain unchanged until new is received.

14. Pin Diagram
Fig.6 IC HT12D

15. Pin Description
Pin
Number Function Name
1 A0
2 A1
3 A2
4 A3
5
8 BIT ADDRESS PINS FOR INPUT
A4
6 A5
7 A6
8 A7
9 GROUND (0V) GROUND
10 D0
11 D1
12 4 BIT DATA/ADDRESS PINS FOR OUTPUT D2

16. 13 D3
14 SERIAL DATA INPUT INPUT
15 OSCILLATOR OUTPUT OSC 2
16 OSCILLATOR INPUT OSC 1
17 VALID TRANSMISSION, ACTIVE HIGH VT
18 SUPPLY VOLTAGE; 5V (2.4 – 12V) Vcc

17. 2. HT12E ENCODER
Download Datasheet: HT12E.pdf
Fig. IC HT12E
HT12E is an encoder integrated circuit of 212 series of encoders. They are paired with 212 series of
decoders for use in remote control system applications. It is mainly used in interfacing RF and
infrared circuits. The chosen pair of encoder/decoder should have same number of addresses and
data format.
Simply put, HT12E converts the parallel inputs into serial output. It encodes the 12 bit parallel
data into serial for transmission through an RF transmitter. These 12 bits are divided into 8
address bits and 4 data bits.
HT12E has a transmission enable pin which is active low. When a trigger signal is received on
TE pin, the programmed addresses/data are transmitted together with the header bits via an RF or
an infrared transmission medium. HT12E begins a 4-word transmission cycle upon receipt of a
transmission enable. This cycle is repeated as long as TE is kept low. As soon as TE returns to
high, the encoder output completes its final cycle and then stops.
Pin Diagram

18. Pin Description
Pin
Number Function Name
1 A0
2 A1
3 A2
4 A3
8 BIT ADDRESS PINS FOR INPUT5 A4
6 A5
7 A6
8 A7
9 GROUND (0V) GROUND
10 D0
11 D1

19. 12
4 BIT DATA/ADDRESS PINS FOR INPUT
D2
13 D3
14 TRANSMISSION ENABLE (ACTIVE LOW) TE
15 OSCILLATOR OUTPUT OSC 2
16 OSCILLATOR INPUT OSC 1
17 VALID TRANSMISSION, ACTIVE HIGH VT
18 SUPPLY VOLTAGE; 5V (2.4 – 12V) Vcc

20. 1. RF MODULES (434MHz)
Picture 1:- RF Receiverand RF Transmitter
The RF module, as the name suggests, operates at Radio Frequency. The corresponding
frequency range varies between 30 kHz & 300 GHz. In this RF system, the digital data is
represented as variations in the amplitude of carrier wave. This kind of modulation is known as
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK).Transmission through RF is better than IR (infrared) because of
many reasons. Firstly, signals through RF can travel through larger distances making it suitable
for long range applications. Also, while IR mostly operates in line-of-sight mode, RF signals can
travel even when there is an obstruction between transmitter & receiver. Next, RF transmission is
more strong and reliable than IR transmission. RF communication uses a specific frequency
unlike IR signals which are affected by other IR emitting sources.
This RF module comprises of an RF Transmitter and an RF Receiver. The transmitter/receiver
(Tx/Rx) pair operates at a frequency of 434 MHz. An RF transmitter receives serial data and
transmits it wirelessly through RF through its antenna connected at pin4. The transmission occurs
at the rate of 1Kbps - 10Kbps.The transmitted data is received by an RF receiver operating at the
same frequency as that of the transmitter.The RF module is often used along with a pair of
encoder/decoder. The encoder is used for encoding parallel data for transmission feed while
reception is decoded by a decoder. HT12E-HT12D, HT640-HT648, etc. are some commonly
used encoder/decoder pair ICs.

21.  Pin Diagram
I. Receiver Module:
Fig. a Receiver Module
II. Transmitter Module:
Fig. b Transmitter Module

22.  Pin Description
Transmitter Module
Pin Number Function Name
1 Ground (0V) GND
2 Serial Data Input Pin DATA
3 Supply Voltage (5V) VCC
4 Antenna Output Pin ANT
Receiver
Module
Pin Number Function Name
1 Ground (0V) GND
2 Serial Data Output Pin DATA
3 Linear Output Pin; Not Connected NC
4 Supply Voltage (5V) VCC
5 Supply Voltage (5V) VCC
6 Ground (0V) GND
7 Ground (0V) GND
8 Antenna Input Pin ANT

23. FUTURE WORK
The next stage of the research work is to focus on developing an energy-efficient routing
protocol to enhance the network lifetime of the sensor nodes. Then, the research work will
deploy and analyze real-time implementation of wireless sensor network with both types of
power source to determine which power source is better between the two. Analysis will cover the
throughputs, packet drops, delay and network lifetime.
ADVANTAGES
 Unlike regular cars, solar energy powered cars are able to utilize their full power at any
speed.
 Solar powered cars do not require any expense for running.
 Solar cars are quite.
 Solar cars require very low maintenance.
 Solar cars produces no harmful emissions.
These were some advantages of solar powered cars
DISADVANTAGES
 Solar cars don’t have speed or power that regular cars have.
 Solar powered cars can operate only for limited distances is there is no sun
 If it is dark out for many days, the car battery will not charge and you this can seem as a
problem to many problem. This is the main reason why people don’t rely on solar cars.
 A good solar powered car is expensive. It will cost $200,000 or more.
 Parts used in solar cars are not produced in large quantity so they are expensive.
These were the disadvantages of solar powered cars.

24. 2. Literature survey
According to:
According to Indian solar resource and Association of Renewable Energy Agencies of States
(AREAS):
INDIA is located within the world’s solar belt where high solar insulation allows for the efficient
operation of solar cell.
 Indian solar resource

25. Graf 1 Indian solar resource direct normal solar resource
This map depicts model estimates of annual average direct average normal irradiance (DNI) at 10km
resolution based on hourly estimates of radiation over 7 years (2002-2008). The inputs are visible imagery
from geostationary satellite, aerosol optical depth, water vapor and ozone.

26. Graf 2 Indian solar resource global horizontal solar resource
This map depicts model estimates of annual average global horizontal irradiance (GHI) at 10km
resolution based on hourly estimates of radiation over 7 years (2002-2008). The inputs are visible imagery
from geostationary satellite, aerosol optical depth, water vapor and ozone.

27. REFERENCES
[1] M. Reddi Sankar, T. Pushpaveni, V. Bhanu Prakash Reddy, “DESIGN AND
DEVELOPMENT OF SOLAR ASSISTED BICYCLE”,International Journal of Scientific and
Research Publications, (Volume 3, Issue 3), (March 2013) ISSN 2250-3153, ( Page No. 781-
786). www.ijeit.com/vol%202/Issue%206/IJEIT1412201212_79.pdf
[2] Abdulkadir Baba Hassan (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of
Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria) “DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A
MOTORIZED PROTOTYPE TRICYCLE FOR THE DISABLE PERSONS” IOSR Journal of
Engineering , (Vol. 2(5 )), May 2012 (Page No. 1071- 1074).
www.iosrjen.org/Papers/vol2_issue5/Z02510711074.pdf
[3] N.Sasikumar (Ph.D (Part – Time) Research Scholar, Kamban Arts & Science College,
Coimbatore), Dr.P.Jayasubramaniam(Head & Asst.Prof in Professional Accounting, Dr.N.G.P.
Arts & Science College, Coimbatore), “SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM IN INDIA” IOSR Journal
of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) ISSN: 2278-487X. Volume 7, Issue 1 (Jan. - Feb.
2013), (Page No. 61-68) www.iosrjournals.org/papers/Vol- 2%20Issue=6/D0262730,pdfJ. Clerk
Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892,
pp.68–73.
[4] Satish Kumar Dwivedi , Deepak Kumar Yadav, Ashutosh Mishra, Madhusudan Jaiswal ,
Shrikant Singh, Sujeet Kumar , (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Buddha Institute of
Technology, Gorakhpur,U.P) . “DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A MOTORIZED
TRICYCLE FOR PHYSICALLY CHALLENGED PERSONS” International Journal of
Engineering Science Invention, ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726 April
2014 Volume 3 (Page No. 29- 32) www.ijesi.org/papers/Vol(3)a/Version-3/E0343029032.pdf
[5] Pooja Iyer M, G Ravi Teja, V Sitaram Prasad. “DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF SOLAR
ELECTRIC SCOOTER International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science (IJRES)
ISSN (Online): 2320-9364, ISSN (Print): 2320-935 Volume 2 Issue 5 May. 2014 (Page No. 21-
28) www.ijres.org/papers/Volume%202/v2-i5(i)/D0252128.pdf
[6] Immanuel Alphonse, Dr. S. HosiminThilagar, F. Bright Singh. “DESIGN OF SOLAR
POWERED BLDC MOTOR DRIVEN ELECTRIC VEHICLE International Journal Of
Renewable Energy Research Volume 2, No.3 Received: 05.06.2012 Accepted:01.07.2012 (Page
No. 457- 462) www.ijrer.org/index.php/ijrer/article/download/260/pdf
[7] Shuh Jing Ying, Stephen Sundarrao . “POWER ASSIST HAND TRICYCLE WITH
BATTERY FOR DISABLED PERSONS” International Journal of Advanced Technology in

28. Engineering and Science Volume 02, Issue No. 06, June 2014 ISSN (online): 2348 – 7550 (Page
No. 173-177) www.ijates.com/images/short_pdf/1403466123_P173.pdf
[8] Arun Manohar Gurram, P.S.V Ramana Rao, Raghuveer Dontikurti “SOLAR POWERED
WHEEL CHAIR: MOBILITY FOR PHYSICALLY CHALLENGED” International Journal of
Current Engineering and Technology Volume 2, No.1 (March 2012) ISSN 2277 – 4106 (Page
No. 211-214) www.inpressco.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Paper11211-214.pdf
Work Plan:-
Sr.No. Date Details Of Work
1 July&August Literature Survey
2 Sepetmber&October Topic Selection
3 November&December Component Selection
4 January&February Fabrication & Testing