SYNOPSIS – INTRODUCTION HISTORY NEED OF BIOINFORMATICS FOR THE GROWTH OF BIOTECHNOLOGY HOW IS COMPUTING CHANGING BIOLOGY? WHAT KIND OF DATA IS USED? HOW DOES SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT WORK? WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF USING COMPUTERS? WHY IT’S USEFUL? SCOPE OF BIOINFORMATICS IN INDIA CONCLUSION REFERENCE

1. BIOINFORMATICS RELEVANCE WITH
BIOTECHNOLOGY
By
KAUSHAL KUMAR SAHU
Assistant Professor (Ad Hoc)
Department of Biotechnology
Govt. Digvijay Autonomous P. G. College
Raj-Nandgaon ( C. G. )

2. SYNOPSIS –
 INTRODUCTION
 HISTORY
 NEED OF BIOINFORMATICS FOR THE GROWTH
OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
 HOW IS COMPUTING CHANGING BIOLOGY?
 WHAT KIND OF DATA IS USED?
 HOW DOES SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT WORK?
 WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF USING
COMPUTERS?
 WHY IT’S USEFUL?
 SCOPE OF BIOINFORMATICS IN INDIA
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCE

3. INTRODUCTION-
 Bioinformatics is the application of computer
science and information technology to the field of
biology. Bioinformatics is a new and emerging
branch of Biotechnology that has come up very
recently. It mainly involves the use of software to
utilize information from vast biological database
that is developed by experienced Biotechnologists.
Gene sequencing is a part of Bioinformatics where
in a lot of data related to biotechnology is
processed.

5. HISTORY -
 The term Bioinformatics was coined by Paulien
Hogeweg and Ben Hesper in 1978 for the study
of informatics processes in biotic systems.
 Its primary use since at least the late 1980s has
been in genomics and genetics, particularly in
those areas of genomics involving large-scale
DNA sequencing.

6. NEED OF BIOINFORMATICS FOR THE GROWTH
OF
BIOTECHNOLOGY
 Bioinformatics is an emerging area offering a
fundamental tool to the scientific community,
particularly to the biologists, to speed up the
research, application and commercialization of
biotechnology. In fact the best thing, which has
happened as a front-line area with vital
significance in unraveling secrets of life,
particularly in the studies of new biology and
biotechnology. The genomic revolution has
underscored the central role of Bioinformatics in
understanding the very basic of life processes.

7. The situation has come to an extent that-
 The knowledge database of biology has exploded
and need powerful tools to organize the same .
 The question we ask of biological system today
are so complex and there are no answers for them
if we limit ourselves to the capabilities of our
natural brains.
The two roles are therefore-
1.Organization
2.Analysis of biological data

8. HOW IS COMPUTING CHANGING
BIOLOGY?
 An organism's hereditary and functional
information is stored as DNA, RNA, and proteins,
all of which are linear chains composed of smaller
molecules. These macromolecules are assembled
from a fixed alphabet of well-understood Because
these macromolecules are linear chains of defined
components, they can be represented as sequences
of symbols. These sequences can then be
compared to find similarities that suggest the
molecules are related by form or function.

9. WHAT KIND OF DATA IS USED?
DATA SOURCE DATA SIZE BIOINFORMATICS
TOPICS
1.Raw DNA sequence 8.2 million sequences Separating coding and non-
coding regions, identification
of introns and exons, Gene
product prediction, forensic
analysis
2.Protein sequence ~300 amino acids each Sequence comparison
algorithms, identification of
conserved sequence motifs.
3.Macromolecular structure ~1000 atomic coordinates
each
Secondary, tertiary structure
prediction, Intermolecular
interaction, 3D structural
alignment algorithms.
4.Genomes 40 complete genomes(1.6
million- 3 billion bases each)
Characterization of repeats,
phylogenetic analysis

10. How does sequence alignment work?
Basically, it involves:
A. Finding the genes in the DNA sequences of
various organisms
B. Developing methods to predict the structure
and/or function of newly discovered
proteins and structural RNA sequences.
C. Clustering protein sequences into families of
related sequences and the development of protein
models.
D. Aligning similar proteins to
examine evolutionary relationships.

11.  1.Fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) have a gene
called eyeless, which, if it's knocked out (i.e., eliminated
from the genome using molecular biology methods),
results in fruit flies with no eyes and hence
the eyeless gene plays a role in eye development.
 2. Researchers have identified a human gene
responsible for a condition called aniridia. In humans,
who are missing this gene or in whom the gene has
mutated stop functioning properly, the eyes develop
without irises.If the gene for aniridia is inserted into an
eyeless drosophila, it causes the production of
normal drosophila eyes which is an interesting
coincidence. So there is a similarity in
how eyeless and aniridia function, even though flies and
humans are vastly different organisms!

12. 3. Finding homologs gene

13.  WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF USING
COMPUTERS?
The genomic code breaks down into thousands of
individual genes. Genes tell cells to make proteins -
individual molecules each one of which has a unique
chemical mission. Proteins interact with each other to
carry out thousands of functions.

14. Bioinformatics is based on the fact that DNA sequencing
is cheap , and becoming easier and cheaper very quickly.
1. The Human Genome Project cost roughly $3 billion
and took 12 years (1991-2003).
2. Sequencing James Watson’s genome in 2007 cost $2
million and took 2 months
3. Today, you could get your genome sequenced for about
$100,000 and it would take a month.
4. The Archon X prize: you win $10 million if you can
sequence 100 human genomes in 10 days, at a cost of
$10,000 per genome. It is realistic to envision $100 per
genome within 10 years: everyone’s genome could be
sequenced if they wanted or needed it.

15.  WHY IT’S USEFUL?
All of the information needed to build an organism is contained in
its DNA. If we could understand it, we would know how life
works.
(a)Reventing and curing diseases like cancer (which is caused by
mutations in DNA) and inherited diseases.
(b)Curing infectious diseases (everything from AIDS and malaria
to the common cold). If we understand how a microorganism
works, we can figure out how to block it.
©Understanding genetic and evolutionary relationships between
species Understanding genetic relationships between humans.
Projects exist to understand human genetic diversity.
Ancient DNA: currently it is thought that under ideal conditions
(continuously kept frozen), there is a limit of about 1 million
years for DNA survival. So, Jurassic Park will probably remain
fiction.

16. SCOPE OF BIOINFORMATICS IN INDIA
 The scope of bioinformatics is in areas like
database design and maintenance, sequence
assembly, proteomics, clinical pharmacologist,
sequence analysis, informatics developer and bio-
analytics. Indian companies like Wipro,
Reliance, Satyam, TCS and companies like
Accelrys and IBM Life Sciences Pub gene,
Silicon Genetics and Tessella offer good
employments to the bioinformatics candidates.
Due to increasing demand of bioinformatics
candidates, a career in bioinformatics offer
good prospects.

17. CONCLUSION
 These approaches are Reflected in the main aims
of the field, which are to understand and
organize the information associated with
biological molecules on a large scale. As the
new field of biology demands the sustainable use
and Conservation of the precious biodiversity of
this county, equally we need to conserve our rich
cultural heritage and Value system.

18. REFERENCE:
BIOINFORMATICS- C.S.V MURTHY
NET SOURCE- WWW.BIOINFO.COM