It comprises on general information about botanical description of pea along with its reproductive biology and selfing and crossing techniques. Here are contents of presentation: * Introduction to crop * Botanical Description * Interesting facts about Pea * Nutritional importance along with nutrients and their function * Floral Biology * Selfing and Crossing techniques * Hybrid Development in Pea * Work done in Pakistan

1. PEAS
RANA ARSALAN JAVAID
PMAS ARID AGRICULTURE
UNIVERSITY RAWALPINDI
BOTANICAL AND REPRODUCTIVE
BIOLOGY

2. Introduction
• Pea refers to the plant Pisum sativum, as well as its small, edible,
round seed or the pod (fruit) in which the seed grows
• Sweet, delicious green peas, also popular as garden peas, are one
of the ancient cultivated vegetables grown for their succulent
nutritious green seeds.
• Peas probably have originated in the sub-Himalayan plains of
north-west India.
• Today, this versatile legume is one of the major commercial crops
grown all over the temperate, and semi-tropical regions.

3. Botanical Discription
• Botanically, pea plant is an herbaceous vine. It belongs to the
family Fabaceae, in the genus: Pisum. Scientific name: Pisum sativum.
• Pea is a quick growing, annual herbaceous vine which requires trellis
to support its growth.
• It flourishes under well-drained, sandy soil supplemented with adequate
moisture and cool weather conditions.
• Short stalked, green pods appear by late winter or early spring.
• Each pod measures about 2-3 inches long, swollen or compressed,
straight or slightly curved, filled with single row of 2-10, light-green,
smooth edible seeds.

4. Botanical Discription
• In general, the pods harvested while just short of reaching maturity, at the
point when their seeds are green, soft, sweet and edible as raw.
• Allowing the pods to mature further would make seeds less sweet, bitter and
turn light-green to yellow.
• Pea tendrils are also edible. Pea tendrils have flavor akin to peas.
• They are delicate, tender top-shoots of young pea plant.
• The tendrils and leafy-shoots are one of favored item in salads and cooking in
many East and South-east Asian regions.
• Snow peas or sugar snap peas are different species of peas wherein whole
immature green pod, including its outer peel can be eaten like a vegetable.

5. Interesting PEA facts
• Fragile plant that can grow as low-ground plant or as a vine.
• Pea should be consumed quickly after removal from the pods.
• Fresh and raw pea became popular in the modern Europe.
• Gregor Mendel is called father of modern genetics. He discovered
basic laws of inheritance, cross-breeding of peas having different
color, size and shape.
• Scent of sweet pea is used in the perfume industry, soaps and
lotions.
• Pea starch can be used for the manufacture of bioplastics.

6. Nutritional Importance of Pea
• Both the round seed and the pod with the seed are consumed as part of
the diet.
• Peas are a good source of carbohydrates and protein, as well as soluble
and insoluble fiber.
• Green peas are one of the most nutritious leguminous vegetables rich in
health benefiting phyto-nutrients, minerals, vitamins and anti-oxidants.
• Fresh, tender peas are relatively low in calories on comparison to beans,
and cowpeas. 100 g of green peas carry just 81 calories, and no cholesterol.

7. Nutrients and their functions
• Phytonutrients:
• Coumestrol-------Stomach cancer protection
• Saponins----------Anti Inflammatory Benefits
• Omega-3 fats-----Low fat food
• Folic acid------------------Growth and maintenance of new tissues
• Ascorbic acid-------------Powerful natural anti-oxidant
• ß-sitosterol----------------Help lower cholesterol levels
• vitamin-A-----------------Maintain healthy membranes, skin and eyesight
• Vitamin K-----------------Cures Alzheimer's disease

8. NutritionTable of Peas

9. General Health benefits of Peas
• Weight Management:
• Stomach cancer prevention:
• Anti-aging, strong immune system, and high energy:
• Prevention of wrinkles, alzheimer’s, arthritis, bronchitis,
osteoporosis and candida
• Blood sugar regulation:
• Heart disease prevention:
• Healthy for the environment:
• Prevent constipation:
• Healthy bones
• Reduces bad cholesterol:

10. Floral biology
Pea is an annual
herbaceous legume
adapted to cool
climates

11. Floral biology(contd.)
Tendrils

12. Floral biology(c0ntd.)
Flowers are born in the axil of leaves, always in pair.

13. Floral biology(c0ntd.)

14. Floral biology(c0ntd.)
 Corolla:
Consists of five petals in (2+2+1) condition
 Androecium:
10 stamens in 9+1 arrangement
Gynoecium:
Ovary is superior
Calyx:
5 sepals in Gamosepalous condition

15. Selfing and crossing techniques
Selfing techniques in Peas:
• Pea is self-pollinated crop.
• Pea blossom anatomy ensures 100%
selfing without human intervention.
• Label the bag.

16. Selfing and crossing techniques
Crossing techniques:
• Emasculation
• Pollination

17. Hybrid production
• Emasculation
• Bagging
• Seed setting
• Collection of seeds
• Raising of F1 generation plants
• F1 plants self pollinated
• Seed setting of F1 plants
• Collection of seeds from F1 plants
• Raising F2 generation plants
• Raising F3plants F4 plants F5plants F7 plants
• Seed multiplication
Following are steps which are adapted for hybrid production

18. Work done on peas in Pakistan
• Amelioration of Salinity Stress Tolerance in Pea (Pisum sativum L.) by
Exogenous Application of Salicylic Acid
• Qualitative and Quantitative Response of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Cultivars
to Judicious Applications of Irrigation with Phosphorus and Potassium
• Effect of Split Application of Nitrogen Levels on the Quality and Quality
Parameters of Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
• Pisum sativum-rhizobium interactions under different environmental
stresses

19. Work done on peas in Pakistan
• Effect of salt stress on growth and biochemical parameters of Pea
• Antioxidant Potential of Some Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Cultivars Commonly
Consumed in Pakistan
• Effect of pre-sowing magnetic field treatment to garden pea
(Pisum sativum l.) seed on germination and seedling growth
• Growth and yield response of pea (Pisum sativum ) crop to
phosphorus and potassium application
• Effects of different herbicides on controlling weeds and their effects
on yield, and yield components of edible pea (Pisum sativum).

20. Your text here