1. The document describes several biomes including tropical rainforests, monsoon forests, boreal forests, and tundra. 2. Tropical rainforests are located near the equator with high rainfall and temperatures over 20°C year-round. They have 4 layers of vegetation and diverse animal life. 3. Monsoon forests have wet and dry seasons with deciduous trees from 12-30m tall and large mammals. 4. Boreal forests in high latitude regions have coniferous trees, cold winters below 0°C, and animals adapted to suck sap and burrow. 5. Tundra near the Arctic and mountains has less than 50 days of growth, dwarf

2. Biome
• An eco system becomes biome when all the
plants, animal and soils are studied
collectively

3. Types of biome
Land biome Aquatic biome
Grassland biome Forest biome
Tropical forest Deciduous forest Taiga forest Tundra forest
Marine Fresh water
tropical temperate

5. Tropical evergreen rain-forest biome
• Location:
1. 100 N and 100 S latitudes
2. Amazon Basin (south America), Congo Basin (Africa),
Indo-Malaysian Region (java Sumatra Borneo
Malaysia And Guinea)
• Climate:
1. Average rainfall about 2000mm or even more
2. Monthly rainfall about 200mm
3. Mean annual temperature around 200 c
4. Highest temperature in summer is about 300 c

6. Tropical evergreen rain-forest biome
• Species composition:
1. Numerous species of plants can be found
2. Trees are most significant member
3. Creepers and climbers are second most important
member
• Vegetation:
1. 4 layers present
2. First layer consist of upper most tree canopy
3. Trees are present in second layer
4. Third layer is formed of lower and smaller trees
5. In fourth layer shrubs are present

8. Animal life:
Animals are least mobile
Herbivores:- several species of deer's , species of howler monkey
Birds: tinamous, humming birds, parrots

9. Reptiles: snakes, tree frogs, lizards
Predators: jaguar, tiger

10. Tropical evergreen rain-forest biome
• Adaptations:
1. Most of animals are arboreal
2. Provided with claws adhesive padding finger
toes and several clinging mechanism
3. Some have developed ability glide in air fox,
tree frogs, squirrels, tree snakes
4. Mammals at ground have large and sturdy
bodies to move and push plants away

13. Monsoon deciduous forest biome
• Location:
1. The Neotropics(mainly west indies )
2. Indo Malaysian zone
3. Eastern Africa ,northern Australia
• Climate:
1. Two distinct season moist season and dry season
2. Average temperature 270 to 320C
3. Maximum temperature 380to 480c
4. Rainfall 1500mm in some areas less than 500mm

14. • Plant community:
1. Plant species are less evergreen than evergreen forest
2. Height of plant about 12m to 30m
3. Most of trees are deciduous but shrubs are evergreen
4. Lianas and epiphytes can be seen , Sal ,teak trees are present
5. Bamboo is more important member
6. Numerous trees ,climbers, shrubs, and grasses.

15. • Animal community:
1. Less no of animals than evergreen forest
2. Animals are breeding and migrating behaviour
3. Animals range from microorganism to very large animals like elephants,
horses, rhinos, hippo, lions, forest buffalo, birds of several species

16. • Adaption:
1. Mammals are large and sturdy bodies
2. Rough skin and protective coloration
3. Animals shows migrating behavior

18. Boreal forest biome
• Also called as temperate coniferous forest biome or taiga
biome
• Location:
1. Siberia , north America and Eurasia
2. Totally absent in southern hemisphere
• Climate:
1. Annual precipitation 370mm to 600 mm
2. Bitterly cold season
3. Heavy snow fall during winter
4. Temperature during summer 250 c and upto-400 c in
winter

19. Boreal forest biome
• Vegetation community:
1. Pine, fir , spruce, larch this trees are present
2. This trees are very dominant in this area
3. Most of coniferous trees are evergreen
4. Leaves are thick leathery and needle shaped trees height 12m to 21m in
mountain they main attain height of even 100m.
• Animal community:
1. Shows sap sucking adaptation
2. Species are burrowing and grazing type
3. Herbivores animal such as moose
4. Invertebrates like larch sawfly ,pine sawfly spruce budworm
5. blackfly who suck bloods from mammals
6. Dominant predators timber wolf and lynx, bears, wolverines
7. Birds such as spruce groups , owls and hawks, caterpillar, red squirrels

22. Adaptation:
1.Animals have fur coatings to survive in
low temperature
2.Plants have needle shaped leaves
3.Plants have cone shaped canopy which
help in snowfall period

24. Tundra biome
Location : include parts of Alaska, extreme north part of Canada ,
coastal strips of Greenland and the artic seaboard region of
European Russia and northern Siberia
• These biome divided into two types artic tundra biome and
alpine tundra biome
• Climate:
1. Absence of isolation sunlight ,very low temperature
throughout year
2. Ground surface covered with snow at least for 7 to 8 months
3. Speedy cold powdery storms are observed they called as
blizzards
4. Annual precipitation is below 400mm mostly in forms of snow
5. growing season is less than 50 days

25. Tundra biome
• Vegetation community:
1. Supports only lichens and mosses
2. Soil favours dwarf herbaceous plant
3. Vegetation is cryophytes
4. Height between 5to 8cm
5. Such herbaceous plants include willow
6. This plant can survive up to 150 to 300 years
• Animal community:
1. Are divided into two groups
2. a)migrant animal
3. b)Resident animal
4. American musk ox ,Artic fox, rain deer, caribou
5. Resident bird ptarmigan, waterfowl, ducks swans geese etc.

28. Adaptation:
1.Plants have developed cryophytic adaptation
2.Animals are very tolerant to low temperature
3.They burrow under snow to avoid low body
temperature
4.Have very thick fur coat