Slides supporting the book "Process Mining: Discovery, Conformance, and Enhancement of Business Processes" by Wil van der Aalst. See also http://springer.com/978-3-642-19344-6 (ISBN 978-3-642-19344-6) and the website http://www.processmining.org/book/start providing sample logs.

1. Chapter 13
Cartography and Navigation
prof.dr.ir. Wil van der Aalst
www.processmining.org

2. Overview
Chapter 1
Introduction
Part I: Preliminaries
Chapter 2 Chapter 3
Process Modeling and Data Mining
Analysis
Part II: From Event Logs to Process Models
Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6
Getting the Data Process Discovery: An Advanced Process
Introduction Discovery Techniques
Part III: Beyond Process Discovery
Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9
Conformance Mining Additional Operational Support
Checking Perspectives
Part IV: Putting Process Mining to Work
Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12
Tool Support Analyzing “Lasagna Analyzing “Spaghetti
Processes” Processes”
Part V: Reflection
Chapter 13 Chapter 14
Cartography and Epilogue
Navigation
PAGE 1

3. Business process maps
The first geographical maps date back
to the 7th Millennium BC. Since then
cartographers have improved their
skills and techniques to create maps
thereby addressing problems such as
clearly representing desired traits,
eliminating irrelevant details, reducing
complexity, and improving
understandability. PAGE 2

4. Example of a map
Road map of The
Netherlands. The map
abstracts from smaller
cities and less significant
roads; only the bigger
cities, highways, and
other important roads are
shown. Moreover, cities
aggregate local roads
and local districts. Also
not use of color, size, etc.
PAGE 3

5. B
A E
Need
for trip
has arisen
Entry
of a
C
travel
request
Trip
is requested
Approval
of travel
request
D
Need
Planned Planned to correct
trip trip planned
is rejected is approved trip
is transmitted
Advance
payment
Trip Unrequested Approved
advance trip trip
is transmitted/ has taken has taken
paid place place
Entry
of trip
facts
Trip
facts
and receipts
have
been released for checking
Approval
of trip
facts
Planned Trip Trip Approval
trip expenses facts of trip
must reimbursement are released facts
be canceled is rejected for accounting is transmitted
Accounting
date
is reached
Travel
Expenses
Trip Payment Trip Amounts Amounts
Trip
expenses amount costs Payments Payment relevant liable
costs
reimbursement transmitted must must must to accounting to employment
statement
must to bank/ be included be released be effected transmitted tax transmitted
is transmitted
be canceled payee in cost accounting to payroll accounting to payroll
Cancellation
Trip
costs
Trip
cancelation
is canceled
statement
is transmitted PAGE 4

6. More significant nodes
are emphasized
Highlights more
important paths
PAGE 5

7. More to learn from maps...
Aggregation Abstraction
Clustering of coherent, Removing isolated, less
less significant structures significant structures
PAGE 6

8. Illustrating the problem
x
start
y 1.0 z 1.0
1.0 a f j
p3 p9
p1 p12
p7
0.4 0.3
0.4 0.6 0.6 0.4
0.3
0.6 0.4
b c d g h k l
0.4 0.3 0.3 p4 0.4 0.6 p10
p2 p8
p5 p11
1.0 e i 1.0
p6
end
PAGE 7

9. Classical top level view:
low level connections still exist
p3
p9
p4
x y z
p10
p5
p11
x
start
y 1.0 z 1.0
p6
1.0 a f j
p3 p9
p1 p12
p7
0.4 0.3
0.4 0.6 0.6 0.4
0.3
0.6 0.4
b c d g h k l
0.4 0.3 0.3 p4 0.4 0.6 p10
p2 p8
p5 p11
1.0 e i 1.0
p6
end
PAGE 8

10. Seamless zoom
Threshold: 1.0
x y z
a f j
x y z
e i
Threshold: 0.6
x y z
a f j
h k
x y z
e i
Threshold: 0.4
x y z
a f j
b g h k l x y z
e i
Threshold: 0.3
x y z
a f j
b c d g h k l x y z
e i
PAGE 9

11. Example: Reviewing papers
(100 cases generating 3730 events)
WF-net discovered
using the α-algorithm
PAGE 10

12. Fuzzy miner:
two views on the same process
fuzzy model showing fuzzy model
all activities
showing only
two activities
color and
width of arc
indicates
significance
of connection
PAGE 11

13. Balancing between both extremes
fuzzy model showing
all activities
fuzzy model
showing only
two activities
color and
width of arc
indicates
significance
of connection
aggregated node
containing 10 activities
inner structure of
aggregated node
PAGE 12

14. Not a single map!
PAGE 13

15. Projecting dynamic information on
business process maps
PAGE 14

16. Projecting traffic jams on maps
PAGE 15

17. Business process movies
PAGE 16

18. Navigation
• Whereas a TomTom device is continuously showing
the expected arrival time, users of today’s
information systems are often left clueless about
likely outcomes of the cases they are working on.
• Car navigation systems provide directions and
guidance without controlling the driver. The driver is
still in control, but, given a goal (e.g. to get from A to
B as fast as possible), the navigation system
recommends the next action to be taken.
• Operational support provides TomTom functionality
for business processes.
PAGE 17

19. Recommend: How to get home ASAP? Take a left turn!
Detect: You drive too fast!
Predict: When will I be home? At 11.26!
PAGE 18

20. Relating the process mining framework
to cartography and navigation
people organizations
machines
business “world”
processes documents
information system(s)
provenance
event logs
“pre “post
mortem” current historic mortem”
data data
navigation auditing cartography
recommend
diagnose
compare
enhance
discover
promote
explore
predict
detect
check
models
de jure models de facto models
control-flow control-flow
data/rules data/rules
resources/ resources/
organization organization
PAGE 19