This document summarizes a 2013 study on cloud computing in Kenya. The study found that while 69% of organizations in Kenya use some form of cloud computing, private cloud is more common than public cloud. It also found gaps in security, architecture, and storage skills. The study recommends that Kenya develop a national cloud strategy, champion cloud services adoption in government, enhance legal and regulatory frameworks to address security and privacy, and develop human resource capacity in technical, legal and management skills for cloud computing.

1. Cloud Computing in Kenya
A 2013 Baseline Survey
Dr. Tonny K. Omwansa
School of computing and Informatics
University of Nairobi
tomwansa@uonbi.ac.ke
@tomwansa
Prof. Timothy M. Waema
School of computing and Informatics
University of Nairobi
waema@uonbi.ac.ke
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI

2. Overview
• Research arm at School of Computing and Informatics, UoN
• ICT4D
• Cloud Technology
• Policy brief provided gives a clear summary of this study
• The entire report will be on website in a week time
www.c4dlab.co.ke/research
Presentation
- Background
- Approach
- Findings
- Recommendations

3. Background
Non-Functional aspects Economic considerations
Elasticity Cost Reduction
Reliability Pay per use
Quality of Service Improved time to market
Agility Return on investment
Adaptability Turning CAPEX into OPEX
Availability Going Green
There is the promise that developing countries are expected to
gain most.
Medium & large businesses using cloud services [top three in
Africa - 2013 Cisco survey]
50% in South Africa
48% in Kenya
36% in Nigeria

4. Background
• Objectives
– Explore the current status of CC adoption in Kenya
– Establish gaps in adoption and impact of CC in Kenya
– Make recommendations to better grow the sub-sector
• Justification
– Hardly any research has been done in this area
– Innovations tend to lead policy and regulation
– Need to understand gaps in the sub-sector
– We need policies informed by solid research

5. Approach
Scope:
– Institutions that have a physical presence in Nairobi
• Most HQs are in Nairobi
• Budget limits
• Not national representative
– Respondents
• Providers
– Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
– Software as a Service (SaaS)
– Platform as a Service (PaaS).
• Consumers
– Public cloud
– Private clouds.
• Policy makers

6. Conceptual Framework
DETERMINANTS:
Affect cloud performance & its outcomes/impacts
>Deployed Technologies
Investment cost, Reliability, Agility, Usability, Technology
availability & Sustainability
>Local firms technology capabilities
>Policy and legal frameworks
Availability, Flexibility, Comprehensiveness,
Effectiveness
>Market
Certain actors dominating, Availability, Readiness
>Institutional legitimacy to the cloud
Government support , Institutional innovation culture

7. Conceptual Framework
STRATEGIES/ACTIONS OF CC ACTORS:
Instrumental in delivering cloud outcomes/impact
• Costing
• Promotion
• Training and capacity development
• Adoption
• Usage
• Cloud-related entrepreneurship
• Deployment decisions (e.g. open source or
proprietary solutions

8. Conceptual Framework
OUTCOMES/IMPACTS OF CC:
The ‘value’ created by the cloud
• Improved operational efficiency
• New products and services
• Extended/enhanced market reach
• Export of cloud related services
• Job creation
• Enhanced security enhancement

9. Sampling
Quantitative
– 207 organ’s identified
– 60 sampled
– 54 participated
Qualitative
– 12 in-depth
interviews planned
with industry leaders
– 7 were available
Cloud computing stakeholders’ taxonomy

10. Data collection
• Extensive desktop research & literature
review
• Conceptual framework transformed to
predominantly 5 point likert scale
questionnaire
• Collection between October 10th, 2013 and
November 10th, 2013
• ICT Managers, Information Security
Managers, Network Administrators or Chief
Information Officers were interviewed
Category Population Sample
Government entities 14 8
Banks 10 4
Consulting firms 5 4
Insurance firms 10 4
Hospitals 9 4
Universities 10 4
Business & Industries 24 8
Tech companies 25 8
SaaS Companies 11 8
PaaS Companies 3 0
IaaS Companies 18 8
Total 207 60

11. Findings
• Cloud computing has been
around since 2000
– most organizations
adopted between 2010
& 2011
– 69% use some form of
cloud.
• Private cloud is more
pronounced than public.
• IaaS option is the most
prominent
Year 2000 (2)
Year 2006 (2)
Year 2009 (4)
Year 2010 (9)
Year 2011( 12)
Year 2012 (4)
Year 2013( 4)
Cloud Deployment

12. Findings
Three skills lacking in the Kenyan market:
• Security (networks, data etc) skills [highest]
• Cloud architecture and design skills
• Storage and virtualization skills
Cloud value is appreciated
Skills gap Cloud reliability
What determines cloud reliability offered?
• reliable connectivity and infrastructure
• dependable technical support
• systems uptime [power?]
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Providing/utilising cloud
services is sustainable
More agile than traditional
solutions
Cloud technologies received
are reliable

13. Findings
Policy, Legal frameworks & Standards
• 80% did not know of any policy framework
• 80% did not know of any legal framework
• The few how knew about policy framework, also knew about legal
– What do they know about?
• 75% not aware of any standards
Those who know a framework Agree
Policy framework gives you flexibility to exploit CC as you wish? 27%
Existing policy framework is comprehensive 27%
Policy framework is effective enough to facilitate growth in the sub-sector 45%
Legal framework give you flexibility to exploit CC as you wish? 33%
Legal framework is comprehensive 33%
Legal framework is effective enough to facilitate growth in the sub-sector 16%

14. Findings
Policy, Legal frameworks recommendations by respondents
Policy Legal
Increased awareness of availability &
power of CC
Mechanisms for controlling cyber crime
& offenders
Guidelines for enforcing security, privacy
and standards
Mechanisms for guaranteeing privacy
Guidelines for service level agreements Mechanisms to enforce SLAs
Appropriate licensing and certification
of providers
Mechanisms for conflict resolutions and
addressing liability
Mostly suggest that ordinary consumers are anxious and sensitive about their data.

15. Findings
Markets
• Market is ready for cloud: 90% say YES
• Largest consumers:
– Financial and telecommunication sectors
– Education and government are moderate users
• Majority of Kenyans are unaware of CC and its benefits
• There are many misconceptions about cloud technology
• Safaricom, Dimension Data and KDN are market leaders
Support received
• Government support has been generic, e.g. development of infrastructure
like fibre connectivity
• Some financial support has been received
• Many not aware of government initiatives towards CC development

16. Findings
Respondent recommendations to Government
Capacity building and Sensitization
Cyber security enhancement
Adopting cloud services in government and encourage local providers
Subsidizing cost of technology and provision of incentives
Enforcing security, SLA and privacy
Ensuring standardization and appropriate legislation

17. Findings
Actions by providers that would determine uptake and usage
• Promoting CC to potential consumers [98%]
• Training and capacity development [96%]
• Promoting cloud-related entrepreneurship [94%]
• Deployment decisions & approaches (e.g. open source/proprietary solutions) [96%]
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
One new product or service to
their organization
CC resulted in enhanced
market reach
CC resulted in security
enhancement
Outcomes/Impact of cloud computing

18. Conclusions & Recommendations
• Assessment of Kenya’s cloud readiness:
– clearly understand the national status through an elaborate national study.
• Develop national cloud strategy:
– focus on capacity building, architectures and implementation.
• Government to champion cloud services:
– set pace for better uptake by private sector.
• Enhance relevant legal & regulatory frameworks:
– protect of users,
– address cyber security challenges,
– guarantee secure online payments,
– privacy
– data security

19. Conclusions & Recommendations
• Develop human resource capacity:
– technical skills,
– legal skills
– management skills
• Enhance awareness of cloud technologies:
– through a multi-stakeholder approach,
– demystified the technology

20. End…
• Report will be available at
www.c4dLab.ac.ke/research in a week time
• Thanks to partners in this study:
– C4DLab
– ICTA
– Microsoft
Dr. Tonny Omwansa, tomwansa@uonbi.ac.ke, @tomwansa
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI