Last Mile Access Technologies
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Last-mile technology is any telecommunications technology that carries signals from the broad telecommunication backbone along the relatively short distance (hence, the "last mile") to and from the home or business. Or to put it another way: the infrastructure at the neighborhood level. In many communities, last-mile technology represents a major remaining challenge because the cost of providing high-speed, high-bandwidth services to individual subscribers in remote areas can be higher than the service provider would like. Laying wire and fiber optic cables is an expensive undertaking that can be environmentally demanding and require high maintenance. Experts hope that broadband wireless networks will eventually provide the solution and meet everyone's needs.(techtarget.com)
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Last Mile Access Technologies
- 1. Last Mile Access Technologies SCS 3004 – Networking Technologies
- 2. Overview Definition Examples and their definition Limitations of last mile Effective last mile technology
- 3. Definition Last mile technology is the final connectivity leg between the telecommunication service provider and an individual customer.
- 4. Definition “The last mile, in the context of telecommunications, refers to the technology providing connection services to and from the user’s office or house.” Techopedia “A phrase used in the telecommunications and technology industries to describe the technologies and processes used to connect the end customer to a communications network.” Investopedia
- 5. Today, last-mile technologies include: • Plain old telephone systems (POTS) • ISDN, a somewhat faster technology than regular phone service • Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) over existing telephone twisted pair lines • Cable and the cable modem for data, using the same installed coaxial cable that already is used for television • Wireless, including satellite services such as DirectTV • Optical fiber and its transmission technologies • LAN • Intermediate system
- 6. Plain Old Telephone Systems (POTS) Is defined as the telephone system in which all the communication takes place in analogue form. Due to its reliability, POTS is used more widely than any other telephony system.
- 7. ISDN • Stands for Integrated Services for Digital Network • Is a circuit-switched telephone network system • Also provides access to packet switched networks • Designed to allow digital transmission of voice and data
- 8. ISDN
- 9. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) • Medium for transferring data over regular phone lines • Also Known As: ADSL, SDSL • Speed ranges from 128Kbps to 24000 Kbps • Advantages of DSL: • Doesn't require new wiring; it can use the phone line you already have. • Speed is much higher
- 10. Cable Modem • Is a device that enables you to hook up your PC to a local cable TV line and receive data at about 1.5 Mbps. • Can be integrated with a set-top box that provides your TV set with channels for Internet access • .All cable modems can receive from and send signals only to the CMTS
- 11. Wireless • Permit services, such as long- range communications • Wireless delivery systems • Light waves and free-space optics • Radio waves • Satellite communications • Broadcast versus point-to-point
- 12. Optical Fiber • A technology that uses glass (or plastic) threads (fibers) to transmit data. • Fiber optics has several advantages • Fiber optic cables have a much greater bandwidth • Fiber optic cables are less susceptible • Fiber optic cables are much thinner and lighter • Data can be transmitted digitally
- 13. Local Area Network - LAN • Is a computer network that spans a relatively small area. • LANs are capable of transmitting data at very fast rates • Most LANs connect workstations and personal computers.
- 14. Intermediate System • A new type of information transport midway between wired and wireless systems • Also known as E-Line
- 15. Features of effective last mile delivery systems • Deliver signal power • Experience low loss • Support wide transmission bandwidth. • Deliver high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) — low unwanted-signal (Noise) power, N. • High availability and reliability. • Low latency; latency must be small compared with required interaction times.
- 16. Challenges of Last Mile Technologies? • Cost of providing high-tech, high speed services • Cost of providing high bandwidth services • Cost of providing services to every single subscriber • High cost of using fiber optic cables or wires • Maintenance expenses
- 17. Solutions • Fixed Wireless Access, where a wireless network is used instead of wires to connect a stationary terminal to the wire line network. • Alternative to the last mile of standard incumbent local exchange carriers: • WiMAX • Broadband over power lines
- 18. References 1. Investopedia : http://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/lastmile.asp 2. Wikipedia : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_mile#Intermediate_system 3. Webopedia : http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/L/local_area_network_LAN.html
Editor's Notes
- Last-mile technology is any telecommunications technology that carries signals from the broad telecommunication backbone along the relatively short distance (hence, the "last mile") to and from the home or business. Or to put it another way: the infrastructure at the neighborhood level.
- POTS is a term sometimes used in discussion of new telephone technologies in which the question of whether and how existing voice transmission for ordinary phone communication can be accommodated. For example, Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line and Integrated Services Digital Network connections provide some part of their channels for "plain old telephone service" while providing most of their bandwidth for digital data transmission.
- Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a set of communication standards for digital telephone connection and the transmission of voice and data over a digital line. These digital lines are commonly telephone lines and exchanges established by the government. Before ISDN, it was not possible for ordinary telephone lines to provide fast transportation over a single line.
- In excess of the conventional circuits of the community switched telephone network. ISDN was introduced by Consultative Committee on International Telegraph and Telephone (CCITT) in 1988. ISDN was originally pictured as a really alacritous operates, but this was a lengthened instance ago when it was hoped to individual fiber all the way to your shelter. It turned out that functional that entire trait would be too overpriced, so they designed ISDN to run on the copper wiring that you already have
- It is medium for transferring data over regular phone lines and can be used to connect to the Internet. However, like a cable modem, a DSL circuit is much faster than a regular phone connection, even though the wires it uses are copper like a typical phone line.
- A cable modem has two connections: one to the cable wall outlet and the other to a PC or to a set-top box for a TV set. Although a cable modem does modulation between analog and digital signals, it is a much more complex device than a telephone modem. It can be an external device or it can be integrated within a computer or set-top box. Typically, the cable modem attaches to a standard 10BASE-T Ethernet card in the computer
- WiFi has a lot of advantages. Wireless networks are easy to set up and inexpensive. They're also unobtrusive -- unless you're on the lookout for a place to watch streaming movies on your tablet, you may not even notice when you're in a hotspot.
- Fiber optics is a particularly popular technology for local-area networks. In addition, telephone companies are steadily replacing traditional telephone lines with fiber optic cables. In the future, almost all communications will employ fiber optics.
- Recently a new type of information transport midway between wired and wireless systems has been discovered. Called E-Line, it uses a single central conductor but no outer conductor or shield. The energy is transported in a plane wave which, unlike radio does not diverge, whereas like radio it has no outer guiding structure. This system exhibits a combination of the attributes of wired and wireless systems and can support high information capacity utilizing existing power lines over a broad range of frequencies from RF through microwave.
- WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a wireless communications standard designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-second data rates Broadband over power lines (BPL) is a method of power line communication that allows relatively high-speed digital data transmission over the public electric power distribution wiring. BPL uses higher frequencies, a wider frequency range and different technologies from other forms of power-line communications to provide high-rate communication over longer distances. Fixed wireless access: a wireless network used instead of wires to connect a stationary terminal to the wireline network.