SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 26
FOR CONSOLIDATION SETTELEMENT
REPORT BY:-
KABRUTI SUBHAM NAYAK
1101110022
CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 BREIF HISTORY
 CONSOLIDATION
 APPROCH
 APPLICATION
 ADVANTAGES
 DISADVANTAGES
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCE
INTRODUCTION
Soils are deposited or formed under
different environmental conditions.
Man does not have any control on the
process of soil formation.
So, we need to accept as they are and
any construction has to be adapted to
suit the subsoil consideration.
The existing soil at a given site maynot
be suitable for supporting structures like
buildings, bridges, dams etc. because of
safe bearing capacity of soil may not be
adequate to support the provided load.
Although pile foundations may be
adapted in some situation, which often
became too high for low to medium rise
buildings.
IN THAT CASE AN ENGINEER WILL
GO FOR THE FOLLOWING
STEPS……
i. Change the site.
ii. Change the structural design.
iii. Increase expenses.
iv. Go for ground
improvement technique.
GROUND IMPROVEMENT
TECHNIQUES
•Ground improvement in its broadest sense
is the alteration of any property of a soil to
improve its engineering performance.
•Ground improvement for the purpose of
foundation essentially means increasing the
shear strength of the soil and also density of
soil and to decrease the compressibility,
permeability and the settlement, which
makes the soil more water resistance,
durable, and stable.
HISTORY
In the 1930s the first reasonable application of
vertical sand drains was made in California. In
Sweden, during the same decade, Kjellman
introduced the first prototype.
(Jamiolkowski et al., 1983). Subsequently, several
types of vertical drains developed which are
basically consisting longitudinal channel wick
functioning as a drain.
CONSOLIDATION OF SOIL
Consolidation is a process by which soils decrease
in volume.
According to ”Karl von Terzaghi” consolidation is any
process which involves a decrease in water content of
saturated soil without replacement of water by air.
In general it is the process in which reduction in
volume takes place by expulsion of water under long
term static loads.
It occurs when stress is applied to a soil that causes
the soil particles to pack together more tightly, therefore
reducing its bulk volume.
When this occurs in a soil that is saturated with water,
water will be squeezed out of the soil.
 When stress is removed from a consolidated soil, the soil
will rebound, regaining some of the volume it had lost in
the consolidation process.
 If the stress is reapplied, the soil will consolidate again
along a recompression curve, defined by the
recompression index.
 The highest stress that it has been subjected to is termed
the pre consolidation stress.
 The over consolidation ratio or OCR is defined as the
highest stress experienced divided by the current stress.
 A soil which is currently experiencing its highest stress is
said to be normally consolidated and to have an OCR of
one.
APPROCH TOWARDS SAND
DRAIN…..
Because of its low permeability, the
consolidation settlement of soft clays takes a
long time to complete.
To shorten the consolidation time, vertical
drains are installed together with preloading
either by an embankment or by means of vacuum
pressure.
Vertical drains are artificially-created drainage
paths which are inserted into the soft clay
subsoil.
Thus, the pore water squeezed out during
consolidation of the clay due to the hydraulic
gradients created by the preloading, can flow
faster in the horizontal direction towards the
vertical drains.
It is taken advantage of the fact, that most
clay deposits exhibit a higher horizontal
permeability compared to the vertical.
Subsequently, these pore water can flow
freely along the vertical drains vertically
towards the permeable layers.
Therefore, the vertical drain installation
reduces the length of the drainage path
and, consequently, accelerates the
consolidation process and allows the clay
to gain rapid strength increase to carry the
new load by its own.
IN ORDER TO ACCELERATE THE PROCESS OF CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT FOR THE
CONSTRUCTION OF SOME STRUCTURE, THE USEFUL TECHNIQUE OF BUILDING SAND
DRAINS CAN BE USED.
SAND DRAINS ARE CONSTRUCTED BY DRIVING DOWN CASINGS OR HOLLOW
MANDRELS INTO THE SOIL.
THE HOLES ARE THEN FILLED WITH SAND, AFTER WHICH THE CASINGS ARE PARALLEL
OUT.
WHEN A SURCHARGE IS APPLIED AT GROUND SURFACE, THE PORE WATER PRESSURE
IN THE CLAY WILL INCREASE, AND THERE WILL BE DRAINAGE IN THE VERTICAL AND
HORIZONTAL DIRECTIONS.
THE HORIZONTAL DRAINAGE IS INDUCED BY THE SAND DRAINS. HENCE, THE
PROCESS OF DISSIPATION OF EXCESS PORE WATER PRESSURE CREATED BY THE
LOADING (AND HENCE THE SETTLEMENT) IS ACCELERATED.
Airport Runways
Golf Courses
Mine Tailings Consolidation
Tailing Ponds
Swampland/Wetland Development
Building Foundations
Retaining Walls
Parking Lots
Landfills
1.INCREASED RATE OF GAIN OF SHEAR
STRENGTH OF CLAY
Enable the load to be applied more rapidly, thus
better use of construction plant.
In case of embankments, steeper slopes and
provision of berms can be avoided.
Lower amount of fill required.
Increased rate of consolidation. Consequent
savings in construction cost.
2.INCREASED RATE OF
CONSOLIDATION
Reduction in time required for
primary settlement.
Structure or embankment s can put
into commission and use far earlier.
Reduction in cost of maintenance.
3.STABILITYT OF EMBANKMENTS
Many soft clay strata containing band, or
parting of sand or silt.
Excess horizontal spread of pore pressure
along these partings take place.
Vertical drains installed can relieve these
excess pore pressure.
1. Sand drains effectively reduce the time taken for
consolidation of saturated clay for both stiff and
soft clays.
2. This reduction is much more pronounced in case
of stiff clays where the time taken reduces by
about 6 to 11 times.
3. For both stiff and soft clays, settlement steadily
increases with applied load.
4. The settlement of soft clay was found to be 3 to 5
times more than that for stiff clay.
5. The final settlement does not vary with the
diameter of sand drain.
6. And the time of consolidation steadily decreases
with increase in the diameter of drains.
Asaoka, A. 1978. Observational Procedure of Settlement
Prediction. Soils and Foundations, Vol. 18, No. 4, Dec.
1978. Japanese Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation
Engineering. pp. 87- 101.
Barron, R. A. 1948. Consolidation of fine-grained soils by
drain wells. Transactions ASCE, Vol. 113, paper 2346, pp.
718-724.
Bergado, D. T., Anderson, L. R., Miura, N.,
Balasubramaniam, A. S. 1996. Soft ground improvement
in lowland and other environments. New York: ASCE
Press.
Bergado, D. T., Manivannan, R., Balasubramaniam, A. S.
1996. Proposed criteria for discharge capacity of
prefabricated vertical drains. Geotextiles and
Geomembranes 14 (1996), 481-505. Chai, J.-C., Carter, J.
P., Hayashi, S. 2005.
Ground Deformation induced by Vacuum Consolidation.
Journal of geotechnical and geoenvironmental
engineering, Vol. 131, No. 12, Dec. 2005, 1552-1561.
sand drain for consolidation settlement
sand drain for consolidation settlement

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Different types of pile
Different types of pile Different types of pile
Different types of pile
 
Burmister 2 layer
Burmister 2 layerBurmister 2 layer
Burmister 2 layer
 
Grouting
Grouting Grouting
Grouting
 
Grouting in Soils
Grouting in SoilsGrouting in Soils
Grouting in Soils
 
Bearing capacity of Soil
Bearing capacity of SoilBearing capacity of Soil
Bearing capacity of Soil
 
Consolidation
ConsolidationConsolidation
Consolidation
 
Soil stabilisation (1)
Soil stabilisation (1)Soil stabilisation (1)
Soil stabilisation (1)
 
Grouting Methods
Grouting Methods Grouting Methods
Grouting Methods
 
Consolidation of Soil
Consolidation of SoilConsolidation of Soil
Consolidation of Soil
 
Bearing capacity of shallow foundations by abhishek sharma
Bearing capacity of shallow foundations by abhishek sharma Bearing capacity of shallow foundations by abhishek sharma
Bearing capacity of shallow foundations by abhishek sharma
 
Quick sand condation
Quick sand condationQuick sand condation
Quick sand condation
 
Ground Improvement Techniques
Ground Improvement TechniquesGround Improvement Techniques
Ground Improvement Techniques
 
Ground improvement technique
Ground improvement techniqueGround improvement technique
Ground improvement technique
 
Reinforced soil
Reinforced soilReinforced soil
Reinforced soil
 
Methods of Dewatering
Methods of DewateringMethods of Dewatering
Methods of Dewatering
 
ground improvement
ground improvementground improvement
ground improvement
 
Index properties
Index propertiesIndex properties
Index properties
 
Earth pressure
Earth pressureEarth pressure
Earth pressure
 
Consolidation Properties
Consolidation PropertiesConsolidation Properties
Consolidation Properties
 
Lecture 7 stress distribution in soil
Lecture 7 stress distribution in soilLecture 7 stress distribution in soil
Lecture 7 stress distribution in soil
 

Viewers also liked

Ground improvement techniques
Ground improvement techniquesGround improvement techniques
Ground improvement techniques
Sravan Muguda
 
Settlement of soil with sand drains
Settlement of soil with sand drainsSettlement of soil with sand drains
Settlement of soil with sand drains
Umed Paliwal
 
Consolidation settlement with sand drains – analytical and numerical approaches
Consolidation settlement with sand drains – analytical and numerical approachesConsolidation settlement with sand drains – analytical and numerical approaches
Consolidation settlement with sand drains – analytical and numerical approaches
Umed Paliwal
 
Stone columns - an overview(Ground improvement)
Stone columns -  an overview(Ground improvement)Stone columns -  an overview(Ground improvement)
Stone columns - an overview(Ground improvement)
Tarachand Veeragattapu
 
Determination of co efficient of consolidation method
Determination of co efficient of consolidation methodDetermination of co efficient of consolidation method
Determination of co efficient of consolidation method
Parth Joshi
 

Viewers also liked (20)

Pvd Soil Consolidation Design
Pvd Soil Consolidation DesignPvd Soil Consolidation Design
Pvd Soil Consolidation Design
 
07 101+ ground improvement techniques
07 101+ ground improvement techniques07 101+ ground improvement techniques
07 101+ ground improvement techniques
 
Ground improvement techniques
Ground improvement techniquesGround improvement techniques
Ground improvement techniques
 
Groundwater improvement techniques
Groundwater improvement techniques Groundwater improvement techniques
Groundwater improvement techniques
 
Ground improvement techniques
Ground improvement techniquesGround improvement techniques
Ground improvement techniques
 
Settlement of soil with sand drains
Settlement of soil with sand drainsSettlement of soil with sand drains
Settlement of soil with sand drains
 
What is Ground Improvement Techniques?
What is Ground Improvement Techniques?What is Ground Improvement Techniques?
What is Ground Improvement Techniques?
 
Consolidation settlement with sand drains – analytical and numerical approaches
Consolidation settlement with sand drains – analytical and numerical approachesConsolidation settlement with sand drains – analytical and numerical approaches
Consolidation settlement with sand drains – analytical and numerical approaches
 
Ground improvement
Ground improvementGround improvement
Ground improvement
 
A case study on Ground improvement using Prefabricated Vertical Band Drains (...
A case study on Ground improvement using Prefabricated Vertical Band Drains (...A case study on Ground improvement using Prefabricated Vertical Band Drains (...
A case study on Ground improvement using Prefabricated Vertical Band Drains (...
 
Ground Improvement by Vibro Stone Columns
Ground Improvement by Vibro Stone ColumnsGround Improvement by Vibro Stone Columns
Ground Improvement by Vibro Stone Columns
 
Stone columns - an overview(Ground improvement)
Stone columns -  an overview(Ground improvement)Stone columns -  an overview(Ground improvement)
Stone columns - an overview(Ground improvement)
 
Stone column
Stone columnStone column
Stone column
 
Determination of co efficient of consolidation method
Determination of co efficient of consolidation methodDetermination of co efficient of consolidation method
Determination of co efficient of consolidation method
 
Compaction sivakugan (Complete Soil Mech. Undestanding Pakage: ABHAY)
Compaction sivakugan (Complete Soil Mech. Undestanding Pakage: ABHAY)Compaction sivakugan (Complete Soil Mech. Undestanding Pakage: ABHAY)
Compaction sivakugan (Complete Soil Mech. Undestanding Pakage: ABHAY)
 
VIBROFLOTATION - Ground Improvement - Welcome to a New Era...
VIBROFLOTATION - Ground Improvement - Welcome to a New Era...VIBROFLOTATION - Ground Improvement - Welcome to a New Era...
VIBROFLOTATION - Ground Improvement - Welcome to a New Era...
 
Ground improvement using rapid impact compaction
Ground improvement using rapid impact compactionGround improvement using rapid impact compaction
Ground improvement using rapid impact compaction
 
F3 Subsoil drainage and installation
F3 Subsoil drainage and installationF3 Subsoil drainage and installation
F3 Subsoil drainage and installation
 
A New Look at Pervious Concrete
A New Look at Pervious Concrete A New Look at Pervious Concrete
A New Look at Pervious Concrete
 
Consolidation ppt
Consolidation pptConsolidation ppt
Consolidation ppt
 

Similar to sand drain for consolidation settlement

118039141-Soil-Improvement-Techniques.ppt
118039141-Soil-Improvement-Techniques.ppt118039141-Soil-Improvement-Techniques.ppt
118039141-Soil-Improvement-Techniques.ppt
FlittiAbdelhamid
 

Similar to sand drain for consolidation settlement (20)

MAJOR_PROJECT_PPT_BY_MANISH KUMAR 001910401142.pptx
MAJOR_PROJECT_PPT_BY_MANISH KUMAR 001910401142.pptxMAJOR_PROJECT_PPT_BY_MANISH KUMAR 001910401142.pptx
MAJOR_PROJECT_PPT_BY_MANISH KUMAR 001910401142.pptx
 
118039141-Soil-Improvement-Techniques.ppt
118039141-Soil-Improvement-Techniques.ppt118039141-Soil-Improvement-Techniques.ppt
118039141-Soil-Improvement-Techniques.ppt
 
Lecture-6 Earthdams.pptx
Lecture-6 Earthdams.pptxLecture-6 Earthdams.pptx
Lecture-6 Earthdams.pptx
 
Notes on introduction and design of caissons
Notes on introduction and design of caissonsNotes on introduction and design of caissons
Notes on introduction and design of caissons
 
Methods of Dewatering
Methods of DewateringMethods of Dewatering
Methods of Dewatering
 
Soil Compaction
Soil CompactionSoil Compaction
Soil Compaction
 
Chapter 6.0 modern foundation tech. & ground improvement
Chapter 6.0   modern foundation tech. & ground improvement Chapter 6.0   modern foundation tech. & ground improvement
Chapter 6.0 modern foundation tech. & ground improvement
 
Permeability of Soil
Permeability of SoilPermeability of Soil
Permeability of Soil
 
UNIT-III Consolidation.ppt
UNIT-III Consolidation.pptUNIT-III Consolidation.ppt
UNIT-III Consolidation.ppt
 
pdfslide.net_ppt-stone-columns.pptx
pdfslide.net_ppt-stone-columns.pptxpdfslide.net_ppt-stone-columns.pptx
pdfslide.net_ppt-stone-columns.pptx
 
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentInternational Journal of Engineering Research and Development
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
 
PROJECT WORK( CNS LAYER)-1.pptx
PROJECT WORK( CNS LAYER)-1.pptxPROJECT WORK( CNS LAYER)-1.pptx
PROJECT WORK( CNS LAYER)-1.pptx
 
Pre fabricated vertical drain and stone columns
Pre fabricated vertical drain and stone columnsPre fabricated vertical drain and stone columns
Pre fabricated vertical drain and stone columns
 
UNIT-III.ppt
UNIT-III.pptUNIT-III.ppt
UNIT-III.ppt
 
A Discussion of Liquefaction Mitigation Methods
A Discussion of Liquefaction Mitigation MethodsA Discussion of Liquefaction Mitigation Methods
A Discussion of Liquefaction Mitigation Methods
 
Factors to considered in foundation design and numerical based on bis method
Factors to considered in foundation design and numerical based on bis methodFactors to considered in foundation design and numerical based on bis method
Factors to considered in foundation design and numerical based on bis method
 
Deep compaction techniques
Deep compaction techniquesDeep compaction techniques
Deep compaction techniques
 
Compaction of soil
Compaction of soilCompaction of soil
Compaction of soil
 
Liquefaction of soil
Liquefaction of soilLiquefaction of soil
Liquefaction of soil
 
Vibration method for ground improvement technique
Vibration method for ground improvement techniqueVibration method for ground improvement technique
Vibration method for ground improvement technique
 

Recently uploaded

Call Girls in Ramesh Nagar Delhi 💯 Call Us 🔝9953056974 🔝 Escort Service
Call Girls in Ramesh Nagar Delhi 💯 Call Us 🔝9953056974 🔝 Escort ServiceCall Girls in Ramesh Nagar Delhi 💯 Call Us 🔝9953056974 🔝 Escort Service
Call Girls in Ramesh Nagar Delhi 💯 Call Us 🔝9953056974 🔝 Escort Service
9953056974 Low Rate Call Girls In Saket, Delhi NCR
 
VIP Call Girls Palanpur 7001035870 Whatsapp Number, 24/07 Booking
VIP Call Girls Palanpur 7001035870 Whatsapp Number, 24/07 BookingVIP Call Girls Palanpur 7001035870 Whatsapp Number, 24/07 Booking
VIP Call Girls Palanpur 7001035870 Whatsapp Number, 24/07 Booking
dharasingh5698
 
notes on Evolution Of Analytic Scalability.ppt
notes on Evolution Of Analytic Scalability.pptnotes on Evolution Of Analytic Scalability.ppt
notes on Evolution Of Analytic Scalability.ppt
MsecMca
 
AKTU Computer Networks notes --- Unit 3.pdf
AKTU Computer Networks notes ---  Unit 3.pdfAKTU Computer Networks notes ---  Unit 3.pdf
AKTU Computer Networks notes --- Unit 3.pdf
ankushspencer015
 
Top Rated Call Girls In chittoor 📱 {7001035870} VIP Escorts chittoor
Top Rated Call Girls In chittoor 📱 {7001035870} VIP Escorts chittoorTop Rated Call Girls In chittoor 📱 {7001035870} VIP Escorts chittoor
Top Rated Call Girls In chittoor 📱 {7001035870} VIP Escorts chittoor
dharasingh5698
 
Call Now ≽ 9953056974 ≼🔝 Call Girls In New Ashok Nagar ≼🔝 Delhi door step de...
Call Now ≽ 9953056974 ≼🔝 Call Girls In New Ashok Nagar  ≼🔝 Delhi door step de...Call Now ≽ 9953056974 ≼🔝 Call Girls In New Ashok Nagar  ≼🔝 Delhi door step de...
Call Now ≽ 9953056974 ≼🔝 Call Girls In New Ashok Nagar ≼🔝 Delhi door step de...
9953056974 Low Rate Call Girls In Saket, Delhi NCR
 
Cara Menggugurkan Sperma Yang Masuk Rahim Biyar Tidak Hamil
Cara Menggugurkan Sperma Yang Masuk Rahim Biyar Tidak HamilCara Menggugurkan Sperma Yang Masuk Rahim Biyar Tidak Hamil
Cara Menggugurkan Sperma Yang Masuk Rahim Biyar Tidak Hamil
Cara Menggugurkan Kandungan 087776558899
 
VIP Call Girls Ankleshwar 7001035870 Whatsapp Number, 24/07 Booking
VIP Call Girls Ankleshwar 7001035870 Whatsapp Number, 24/07 BookingVIP Call Girls Ankleshwar 7001035870 Whatsapp Number, 24/07 Booking
VIP Call Girls Ankleshwar 7001035870 Whatsapp Number, 24/07 Booking
dharasingh5698
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Call Girls in Ramesh Nagar Delhi 💯 Call Us 🔝9953056974 🔝 Escort Service
Call Girls in Ramesh Nagar Delhi 💯 Call Us 🔝9953056974 🔝 Escort ServiceCall Girls in Ramesh Nagar Delhi 💯 Call Us 🔝9953056974 🔝 Escort Service
Call Girls in Ramesh Nagar Delhi 💯 Call Us 🔝9953056974 🔝 Escort Service
 
Call Girls Wakad Call Me 7737669865 Budget Friendly No Advance Booking
Call Girls Wakad Call Me 7737669865 Budget Friendly No Advance BookingCall Girls Wakad Call Me 7737669865 Budget Friendly No Advance Booking
Call Girls Wakad Call Me 7737669865 Budget Friendly No Advance Booking
 
Thermal Engineering-R & A / C - unit - V
Thermal Engineering-R & A / C - unit - VThermal Engineering-R & A / C - unit - V
Thermal Engineering-R & A / C - unit - V
 
ONLINE FOOD ORDER SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdf
ONLINE FOOD ORDER SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfONLINE FOOD ORDER SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdf
ONLINE FOOD ORDER SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdf
 
VIP Call Girls Palanpur 7001035870 Whatsapp Number, 24/07 Booking
VIP Call Girls Palanpur 7001035870 Whatsapp Number, 24/07 BookingVIP Call Girls Palanpur 7001035870 Whatsapp Number, 24/07 Booking
VIP Call Girls Palanpur 7001035870 Whatsapp Number, 24/07 Booking
 
Intro To Electric Vehicles PDF Notes.pdf
Intro To Electric Vehicles PDF Notes.pdfIntro To Electric Vehicles PDF Notes.pdf
Intro To Electric Vehicles PDF Notes.pdf
 
Navigating Complexity: The Role of Trusted Partners and VIAS3D in Dassault Sy...
Navigating Complexity: The Role of Trusted Partners and VIAS3D in Dassault Sy...Navigating Complexity: The Role of Trusted Partners and VIAS3D in Dassault Sy...
Navigating Complexity: The Role of Trusted Partners and VIAS3D in Dassault Sy...
 
Design For Accessibility: Getting it right from the start
Design For Accessibility: Getting it right from the startDesign For Accessibility: Getting it right from the start
Design For Accessibility: Getting it right from the start
 
notes on Evolution Of Analytic Scalability.ppt
notes on Evolution Of Analytic Scalability.pptnotes on Evolution Of Analytic Scalability.ppt
notes on Evolution Of Analytic Scalability.ppt
 
Online banking management system project.pdf
Online banking management system project.pdfOnline banking management system project.pdf
Online banking management system project.pdf
 
AKTU Computer Networks notes --- Unit 3.pdf
AKTU Computer Networks notes ---  Unit 3.pdfAKTU Computer Networks notes ---  Unit 3.pdf
AKTU Computer Networks notes --- Unit 3.pdf
 
Top Rated Call Girls In chittoor 📱 {7001035870} VIP Escorts chittoor
Top Rated Call Girls In chittoor 📱 {7001035870} VIP Escorts chittoorTop Rated Call Girls In chittoor 📱 {7001035870} VIP Escorts chittoor
Top Rated Call Girls In chittoor 📱 {7001035870} VIP Escorts chittoor
 
Call Now ≽ 9953056974 ≼🔝 Call Girls In New Ashok Nagar ≼🔝 Delhi door step de...
Call Now ≽ 9953056974 ≼🔝 Call Girls In New Ashok Nagar  ≼🔝 Delhi door step de...Call Now ≽ 9953056974 ≼🔝 Call Girls In New Ashok Nagar  ≼🔝 Delhi door step de...
Call Now ≽ 9953056974 ≼🔝 Call Girls In New Ashok Nagar ≼🔝 Delhi door step de...
 
Cara Menggugurkan Sperma Yang Masuk Rahim Biyar Tidak Hamil
Cara Menggugurkan Sperma Yang Masuk Rahim Biyar Tidak HamilCara Menggugurkan Sperma Yang Masuk Rahim Biyar Tidak Hamil
Cara Menggugurkan Sperma Yang Masuk Rahim Biyar Tidak Hamil
 
Booking open Available Pune Call Girls Koregaon Park 6297143586 Call Hot Ind...
Booking open Available Pune Call Girls Koregaon Park  6297143586 Call Hot Ind...Booking open Available Pune Call Girls Koregaon Park  6297143586 Call Hot Ind...
Booking open Available Pune Call Girls Koregaon Park 6297143586 Call Hot Ind...
 
(INDIRA) Call Girl Bhosari Call Now 8617697112 Bhosari Escorts 24x7
(INDIRA) Call Girl Bhosari Call Now 8617697112 Bhosari Escorts 24x7(INDIRA) Call Girl Bhosari Call Now 8617697112 Bhosari Escorts 24x7
(INDIRA) Call Girl Bhosari Call Now 8617697112 Bhosari Escorts 24x7
 
Top Rated Pune Call Girls Budhwar Peth ⟟ 6297143586 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine Se...
Top Rated  Pune Call Girls Budhwar Peth ⟟ 6297143586 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine Se...Top Rated  Pune Call Girls Budhwar Peth ⟟ 6297143586 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine Se...
Top Rated Pune Call Girls Budhwar Peth ⟟ 6297143586 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine Se...
 
Thermal Engineering -unit - III & IV.ppt
Thermal Engineering -unit - III & IV.pptThermal Engineering -unit - III & IV.ppt
Thermal Engineering -unit - III & IV.ppt
 
VIP Call Girls Ankleshwar 7001035870 Whatsapp Number, 24/07 Booking
VIP Call Girls Ankleshwar 7001035870 Whatsapp Number, 24/07 BookingVIP Call Girls Ankleshwar 7001035870 Whatsapp Number, 24/07 Booking
VIP Call Girls Ankleshwar 7001035870 Whatsapp Number, 24/07 Booking
 
Double rodded leveling 1 pdf activity 01
Double rodded leveling 1 pdf activity 01Double rodded leveling 1 pdf activity 01
Double rodded leveling 1 pdf activity 01
 

sand drain for consolidation settlement

  • 1. FOR CONSOLIDATION SETTELEMENT REPORT BY:- KABRUTI SUBHAM NAYAK 1101110022
  • 2. CONTENTS  INTRODUCTION  BREIF HISTORY  CONSOLIDATION  APPROCH  APPLICATION  ADVANTAGES  DISADVANTAGES  CONCLUSION  REFERENCE
  • 3. INTRODUCTION Soils are deposited or formed under different environmental conditions. Man does not have any control on the process of soil formation. So, we need to accept as they are and any construction has to be adapted to suit the subsoil consideration.
  • 4. The existing soil at a given site maynot be suitable for supporting structures like buildings, bridges, dams etc. because of safe bearing capacity of soil may not be adequate to support the provided load. Although pile foundations may be adapted in some situation, which often became too high for low to medium rise buildings.
  • 5.
  • 6. IN THAT CASE AN ENGINEER WILL GO FOR THE FOLLOWING STEPS…… i. Change the site. ii. Change the structural design. iii. Increase expenses. iv. Go for ground improvement technique.
  • 7. GROUND IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES •Ground improvement in its broadest sense is the alteration of any property of a soil to improve its engineering performance. •Ground improvement for the purpose of foundation essentially means increasing the shear strength of the soil and also density of soil and to decrease the compressibility, permeability and the settlement, which makes the soil more water resistance, durable, and stable.
  • 8. HISTORY In the 1930s the first reasonable application of vertical sand drains was made in California. In Sweden, during the same decade, Kjellman introduced the first prototype. (Jamiolkowski et al., 1983). Subsequently, several types of vertical drains developed which are basically consisting longitudinal channel wick functioning as a drain.
  • 9. CONSOLIDATION OF SOIL Consolidation is a process by which soils decrease in volume. According to ”Karl von Terzaghi” consolidation is any process which involves a decrease in water content of saturated soil without replacement of water by air. In general it is the process in which reduction in volume takes place by expulsion of water under long term static loads. It occurs when stress is applied to a soil that causes the soil particles to pack together more tightly, therefore reducing its bulk volume. When this occurs in a soil that is saturated with water, water will be squeezed out of the soil.
  • 10.  When stress is removed from a consolidated soil, the soil will rebound, regaining some of the volume it had lost in the consolidation process.  If the stress is reapplied, the soil will consolidate again along a recompression curve, defined by the recompression index.  The highest stress that it has been subjected to is termed the pre consolidation stress.  The over consolidation ratio or OCR is defined as the highest stress experienced divided by the current stress.  A soil which is currently experiencing its highest stress is said to be normally consolidated and to have an OCR of one.
  • 12.
  • 13. Because of its low permeability, the consolidation settlement of soft clays takes a long time to complete. To shorten the consolidation time, vertical drains are installed together with preloading either by an embankment or by means of vacuum pressure. Vertical drains are artificially-created drainage paths which are inserted into the soft clay subsoil. Thus, the pore water squeezed out during consolidation of the clay due to the hydraulic gradients created by the preloading, can flow faster in the horizontal direction towards the vertical drains.
  • 14. It is taken advantage of the fact, that most clay deposits exhibit a higher horizontal permeability compared to the vertical. Subsequently, these pore water can flow freely along the vertical drains vertically towards the permeable layers. Therefore, the vertical drain installation reduces the length of the drainage path and, consequently, accelerates the consolidation process and allows the clay to gain rapid strength increase to carry the new load by its own.
  • 15. IN ORDER TO ACCELERATE THE PROCESS OF CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF SOME STRUCTURE, THE USEFUL TECHNIQUE OF BUILDING SAND DRAINS CAN BE USED. SAND DRAINS ARE CONSTRUCTED BY DRIVING DOWN CASINGS OR HOLLOW MANDRELS INTO THE SOIL. THE HOLES ARE THEN FILLED WITH SAND, AFTER WHICH THE CASINGS ARE PARALLEL OUT. WHEN A SURCHARGE IS APPLIED AT GROUND SURFACE, THE PORE WATER PRESSURE IN THE CLAY WILL INCREASE, AND THERE WILL BE DRAINAGE IN THE VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL DIRECTIONS. THE HORIZONTAL DRAINAGE IS INDUCED BY THE SAND DRAINS. HENCE, THE PROCESS OF DISSIPATION OF EXCESS PORE WATER PRESSURE CREATED BY THE LOADING (AND HENCE THE SETTLEMENT) IS ACCELERATED.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19. Airport Runways Golf Courses Mine Tailings Consolidation Tailing Ponds Swampland/Wetland Development Building Foundations Retaining Walls Parking Lots Landfills
  • 20. 1.INCREASED RATE OF GAIN OF SHEAR STRENGTH OF CLAY Enable the load to be applied more rapidly, thus better use of construction plant. In case of embankments, steeper slopes and provision of berms can be avoided. Lower amount of fill required. Increased rate of consolidation. Consequent savings in construction cost.
  • 21. 2.INCREASED RATE OF CONSOLIDATION Reduction in time required for primary settlement. Structure or embankment s can put into commission and use far earlier. Reduction in cost of maintenance. 3.STABILITYT OF EMBANKMENTS Many soft clay strata containing band, or parting of sand or silt. Excess horizontal spread of pore pressure along these partings take place. Vertical drains installed can relieve these excess pore pressure.
  • 22.
  • 23. 1. Sand drains effectively reduce the time taken for consolidation of saturated clay for both stiff and soft clays. 2. This reduction is much more pronounced in case of stiff clays where the time taken reduces by about 6 to 11 times. 3. For both stiff and soft clays, settlement steadily increases with applied load. 4. The settlement of soft clay was found to be 3 to 5 times more than that for stiff clay. 5. The final settlement does not vary with the diameter of sand drain. 6. And the time of consolidation steadily decreases with increase in the diameter of drains.
  • 24. Asaoka, A. 1978. Observational Procedure of Settlement Prediction. Soils and Foundations, Vol. 18, No. 4, Dec. 1978. Japanese Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. pp. 87- 101. Barron, R. A. 1948. Consolidation of fine-grained soils by drain wells. Transactions ASCE, Vol. 113, paper 2346, pp. 718-724. Bergado, D. T., Anderson, L. R., Miura, N., Balasubramaniam, A. S. 1996. Soft ground improvement in lowland and other environments. New York: ASCE Press. Bergado, D. T., Manivannan, R., Balasubramaniam, A. S. 1996. Proposed criteria for discharge capacity of prefabricated vertical drains. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 14 (1996), 481-505. Chai, J.-C., Carter, J. P., Hayashi, S. 2005. Ground Deformation induced by Vacuum Consolidation. Journal of geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering, Vol. 131, No. 12, Dec. 2005, 1552-1561.