5536 5540.output

* GB785944 (A)
Description: GB785944 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements in or relating to display stands
Description of GB785944 (A)
I, GIL Es HOYLE, a British Subject, of
82 London Road, Headington, Oxford, do hereby declare the invention,
for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by
which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and
by the following statement:-
This invention relates to display stands and has for its object to
support a series of articles one above another for display at
positions which are progressively farther back in the direction from
the bottom to the top of the stand, thereby to present an attractive
display, and to achieve this by the use of shelves which can be
instantly adjusted as to height by movement along support members
which extend upwardly from a base, said shelves becoming locked in the
positions to whioh they are set without having to manipulate any
securing devices.
A further object is to afford good stability in a stand which provides
such a display, without such stand being cumbersome in form or
appearance.
According to the invention a display stand comprises a main structure
for standing upon a floor or like surface, said structure
incorporating at least two support rods arranged to incline rearwardly
in the upward direction, said rods supporting a set of shelves having
parts or portions formed with openings through which the rods pass,
each shelf projecting forwards from said rods and being movable along
them for height adjustment but being maintained in any position to
which it is set, by reason of rod-contacting parts or portions of said
shelf pressing forcibly against the back and front of each rod at
Dositions one above the other, due to cantilever action set up by the
weight of the shelf and any object supported thereon.
In preferred forms of the invention the main structure includes a
horizontal base part for resting upon the floor or like surface and

which rigidly carries the support rods, said base part extending
rearwardly from the originating lower ends of the rods to an extent
affording stability for the stand.
Also, in preferred constructions the support rods are connected at the
top by a detachable cross piece, the shelves being able to pass on and
off the upper ends of said rods for their fitting and detachment after
removing said cross piece The base part of the main structure may
comprise spaced-apart side rods connected at their rear ends, the
support rods being connected or joined individually to said side rods.
The means provided on each shelf for contacting each support rod at
upper and lower positions may comprise or include a lug or bracket
formed with an opening through which the support rod passes and which
affords the contact at the lower position where a portion of said lug
or bracket is beneath and spaced from said shelf, the contact at the
upper position being afforded where said support rod passes through an
opening in the shelf or through an opening in another portion of said
lug Or, as another example, if each shelf has passageways through
which the support rods pass individually, upper and lower edges of
said passageways may constitute the rod-contacting means at upper and
lower positions.
Embodiments of the invention are shown in the accompanying drawings,
by way of example, and will now be described with reference thereto In
the drawings:Figure 1 is a side elevation of the stud according to one
embodiment; Figure 2 is a front elevation of the same stand; Figure 3
is a sectional plan on line III-III in Figure 1; 785,944 PATENT
SPECIFICATION
Date of filing Complete Specification: May 10, 1956.
AND Application Date: May 11, 1955 No 13629155.
Complete Specification Published: Nov 6, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Classes 52 ( 3), H( 1 DI: 12 A: 21); and 52 ( 5),
Bl A.
International Classification:-A 47 b.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in or relating to Display Stands.
Figures 4, 5 and 6 are fragmentary vertical sections showing the
manner affording shelf support in other embodiments of the invention;
and Figure 7 is a fragmentary plan view of the shelf seen in Figure 6.
Referring firstly to Figure 1 to 3, the stand comprises a main
structure built up from sections 1, 2, 3 and 4, these sections being
in the form of metal tubes or rods.
These sections have spigot and socket engagement with one another as
denoted by reference 5 so that they can be assembled by the purchaser
to form a rigid structure.
This allows the components to be compactly nested together for ease of

packing and transit to the customer The structure built from the said
parts is of a frame-like form, the sides of the structure, composed of
the sections 3 and the adjoining portions of sections 1 and 4,
constituting support rods A, these rods A serving to support shelves
6.
These support rods A extend upwardly from, and are rigidly supported
by, a base composed of the sections 1 and the section 2, the latter
connecting these sections 1 at their rear ends Straight portions of
sections 1 and the connecting section 2 are for resting on a floor
surface, and in the construction shown each section 1 has a bend 7 in
continuation of its straight portion, this bend leading into an end
portion 8 which is an oxiginating portion of the related support rod A
A strut 9 may be provided to afford strength across the bend The
angular setting of the portions 8 is such that the support tods A
incline rearwardly in the upward direction as shown, In the
construction shown in Figures 1, 2 and 3 each shelf 6 has secured to
the underside thereof a Dair of lugs 10 positioned near the opposite
sides of said shelf Each lug is substantially U-shaped and is arranged
so that its upper limb carries the shelf, the other limb (which is
spaced from the first limb) having a lower position The shelf 6 is
fixed to an outer portion of the first limb so that the remaining
inner portion of said limb projects from the back of the shelf.
An opening is formed in this projecting portion and also in the lower
limb, to accommodate the related support rod A as a free fit affording
ample clearance The holes in the upper and lower limbs are so
relatively positioned as to support the shelf 6 horizontally while
allowing for the inclination of rods A It will be seen that in this
construction the shelf is disposed wholly in front of the support rods
A The shelf may have a rim 11 which stands up to form a boundary at
the back of the tray and if desired at the sides or around its
perimeter.
In the construction above described, each shelf 6 becomes supported by
a cantilever action due to its weight and to the weight of any object
resting upon it That is to say pressure is exerted on the back and
front of each rod A at upper and lower positions by the upper and
lower limbs of the related bracket Thus the pressure occurs at B 70
where the back of the opening in the upper limb is in contact with the
rod, and at C where the front of the opening in the lower limb is in
contact with such rod Due to the friction set up at the two contact
points, 7 M downward movement of the shelf will be resisted, the
resistance increasing in correspondence with the weight of any load
which the shelf supports Thus the shelf is given the required support
without the em so ployment of any supplementary retaining means
requiring manipulation However, by slightly lifting the front of the

shelf so that same slopes slightly downwards to the rear, the shelf
can be slid up or down the 8 sa rods A to take up any selected
position where it will again become firmly held by the cantilever
action on being restored to its horizontal position By detaching the
section 4 one or more shelves can be slid off (P) the tops of the rods
A or one or more additional shelves can be fitted thereon as may be
required.
As shown, the cross pieces 2 and 4 of the main structure are U-shaped,
thus presenting 10 limbs which constitute end portions of the base
sides and support arms A respectively to allow for the spigot and
socket method of fixing such pieces.
The number of sections 3 employed in D 14 O each support arm A can be
changed, as governed by the required height of the stand.
As an alternative to providing a number of equal-length sections 3
there could be provided sections of different lengths useable lo 5
individually or in any combination to give a required effective height
If necessary there may be provided sections which can be interposed
between the sections 1 and 2 to increase the length of the stand base,
to 110 ensure adequate stability when the stand height is increased.
As an alternative to Droviding the sections 1 with extensions
constituting the portions 7 and 8, these sections 1 may be l 15 simple
straight rods to wh Cal lowermost sections of the support arms A are
welded where these Darts meet.
In the modified form of shelf mounting shown in Figure 4 an opening is
formed 120 through the shelf proper, this opening having its axis
inclined in correspondence with the inclined disposition of th'e
associated support arm A In the opening there is fitted a bush 1 i)
which can be made or hard 125 rubber or other substance of a slightly
resilient or rigid nature The rod A Dasses through the bore in this
bush, such bore being of a diameter aflording a clearance about the
rod In this case the said bore in lo 1 t 785,944 support rods, or an
additional one fitted in place, after detaching the cross piece 4, the
latter being then replaced Thus the display capacity of the stand can
be used to the best advantage 70 If so desired the stand base may be
equipped with castors (not shown) in which case the display can be
conveniently set up where there is ample space for this and the stand
can then be moved into place for shop 75 window display or to any
other site where restricted access would make it difficult to effect
such a set-up on the site Also if it becomes necessary to shift the
display bodily to an adjacent position as indicated by a do change of
layout, this is instantly possible by imparting the required travel to
the stand.
The grip which the shelves exert on the rods will increase in
correspondence with the weight of objects placed thereon so that 85

retention of the shelves in their set positions will be assured under
all conditions.
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* GB785945 (A)
Description: GB785945 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements in or relating to pressure vessels
A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available
amongst the following family members:
BE548285 (A) DE1086818 (B) FR1153952 (A) US2997435 (A)
BE548285 (A) DE1086818 (B) FR1153952 (A) US2997435 (A) less
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Inventors:-ROBERT NEIL MILLAR and KEITH JAMES MITCHELL.
Date of filing Complete Specification: May 28, 1956.
Application Date: May 31, 1955 No 15658/ 55 Complete Specification
Publishzed: Nov 6, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 39 ( 4), P 30.

International Classification:-G 21.
Improvements in or relating to Pihsure Vessels.
We, THE GENERAL ELE Cr RIC COMPANY LIMITED, of Magnet House, Kingsway,
London, W C 2, a British Company, do hereby declare the invention, for
which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by
which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by
the following statement: -
This invention relates to pressure vessels and particularly to
pressure vessels of or for gas-cooled nuclear reactors, a pressure
vessel of such reactors containing a core or body including or formed
of moderating material for the fuel elements and having passages,
ducts or the like for the flow of gaseous fluid cooling medium which
is arranged to abstract heat from the fuel elements The medium may
pass to heat exchangers or to atmosphere after cooling the said
elements and if it is passed to heat exchangers, the heat given up by
the medium may be used to generate steam for use in turbo-alternator
plant.
In order to improve the cooling or rate of heat transfer from the fuel
elements, it is standard practice to employ within a pressure vessel
gas at relatively high pressure (say 100-200 lb per sq in) and
difficulty is experienced in the design of a pressure vessel which,
while capable of withstanding the necessary gas pressure and working
temperature, has a reasonable wall thickness to enable practical
considerations such as assembly and construction on site to be dealt
with by relatively conventional and well known constructional methods.
One object of the present invention is the provision of a pressure
vessel for nuclear reactors such as nuclear power thermal reactors,
which overcomes, at least in part, this particular difficulty.
lPrice 3 'P 114, CJ According to the present invention, in a pressure
vessel of or for a gas-cooled nuclear reactor containing a core or
body including or formed of moderating material for the fuel elements
and having passages, ducts or the like for the flow of gaseous fluid
cooling medium which is arranged to abstract heat from the fuel
elements, an outer shell or wall is protected by a heat resistant
inner shell or wall acting as a lining, the said lining being spaced
from the said outer shell or wall and the arrangement being such that
cooling medium may flow in the space between the lining and the outer
shell.
The space between the lining and the outer shell may be arranged for
the flow of a gaseous cooling medium, and this may also cool the fuel
elements within the core or body of the reactor, the medium being
arranged first to flow in the space between the lining and the outer
shell and then into the reactor cone or body Alternatively, the

cooling medium which may flow in the space between the lining and the
outer shell and the gaseous fluid cooling medium which is arranged to
abstract heat from the fuel elements may be separate from one another
and separate circuits may be arranged to be provided for the two
cooling media.
Each shell or vessel may be spherical, cylindrical or other convenient
and suitable shape and all the shells or walls of a vessel may be of
similar shape Thus, a pressure vessel may conveniently comprise two
spherical shells one within the other.
In order that the invention may be clearly understood, five
constructions of pressure vessels of nuclear power thermal reactors
will now be described by way of example with reference to the five
figures of the accompanying drawings which are largely diagrammatic
Each figure shows a central Price 4 S 66.
785,945 pr;cc,ss c, -,, 785,945 vertical section through a pressure
vessel and, for simplicity, like parts in the figures have been given
the same reference numerals.
Referring now to Figure 1, this figure shows a double shell pressure
vessel, each shell being of spherical shape The inner or interior
shell 1 is spaced a short distance radially inwards of the outer shell
2 and both shells are supported by mountings 3.
The core or body 4 of the reactor rests upon a supporting grid 5
suitably apertured for the flow of cooling gas and gas is arranged to
be fed from the cool end of a heat exchanger or exchangers (not shown)
by way of an entry pipe 6 to the space between the shells 1 and 2
After flowing as shown by the arrows, in the space between the shells,
the gas passes into the inner shell 1 through apertures or ports 7 at
or towards the bottom of the shell 1, through the grid 5 and the core
or body 4 and out through an exit pipe 8 to the heat exchanger or
exchangers, suitable pumping means (not shown) being 2.5 provided for
circulating the cooling gas The reactor shown in the figure is of the
type in which the fuel elements (not shown) are supported in vertical
passage or channels (not shown) in the core or body 4 but, as will be
appreciated, the same general principles are applicable to reactors
with cylindrical pressure vessels and the fuel elements supported in
horizontal passages or channels in the reactor core or body.
A gas sealing member 9 between the shell I and body 4 ensures that all
the gas passes through the body and a charging tube 10 (or more than
one charging tube) is provided at the top of the shells 1 and 2 for
charging or discharging fuel elements of the reactor, or for servicing
the reactor and any control means therefor Both the pipe 8 and tube 10
are rigidly secured to the outer shell 2 and slide through piston ring
or similar type seals 11 and 12 respectively mounted on the inner
shell 1, the seals 11 and 12 allowing for any relative radial movement

between the shells and for any slight circumferential movement.
so As will be appreciated, the pressure difference between the two
shells 1 and 2 will be very small but the temperature difference can
be quite large The outer shell may therefore be maintained at a
comparatively low temperature and this enables economies to be
effected in the construction of this shell 2 Thus, a low quality steel
may be used or the material of the shell may operate at high working
stress The shell 2 will need to be leak-proof and is preferably of
welded construction, the pipes 6 and 8 and tube 10 being welded in
position The inner shell 1 will need to be of high quality.
heat resisting material such as heat resisting ti 5 steel, but may be
relatively thin compared with the outer shell 2 Since the inner shell
1 does not need to be leak-proof, it may be riveted or bolted
construction whereby difficulties in construction on site and
associated with the welding of high quality heat resist 70 ing
materials, are overcome.
Referring now to the construction shown in Figure 2, this is generally
similar to that shown in Figure 1 but instead of cooling gas first
flowing through the 75 space between the shells 1 and 2 and then into
the inner shell 1, the gas flow in the said space is separate from
that in the shell 1 Thus, gas flows from the heat exchanger(s) by way
of an entry 80 pipe 13 to the space between the shells and vents from
the space to the heat exchanger(s) by way of the exit pipe 14 Further
gas from the heat exchanger(s) enters the inner shell 1 through the
pipe 15, passes through 85 the reactor body 4 and vents to the heat
exchanger(s) through pipe 8 The pipe 8, as before, has a seal 11 while
the pipe 15 has a similar seal 16 The pressure of the two gas spaces
of the vessel may be substan 910 tially the same or suitably
different.
In the construction shown in Figure 3, a separate pressurised cooling
circuit is connected or associated with the space between the inner
and outer shells of the pressure 95 vessel and by this means, a
further reduction in the working temperature of the outer shell is
achieved A fully leak-proof design is required for the inner shell and
referring now to the figure, which shows shells of 100 cylindrical
shape, it will be seen that the entry and exit pipes 17 and 18
respectively for the cooling gas for the inner shell 1 are rigidly
attached to the inner shell 1 as by welding and are connected to the
outer 105 shell 2, not by piston ring type seals, but by corrugated
metal bellows devices 19 and 20 respectively which are gas tight Gas
for the space between the shells 1 and 2 flows in by way of pipe 13
and out by way of 110 pipe 14 and may well be a different gas from
that used for cooling the fuel elements in the reactor body 4.
In this construction, advantage may be taken of the inherent strength

of the inner 116 shell 1 which would generally be of welded
construction, by employing a lower pressure in the space cooling
circuit, the differential between the two systems being related to the
safe working stress of the inner shell 120 1 at its maximum working
temperature The outside surface of the inner shell 1 may be lagged or
otherwise treated to reduce to a minimum heat loss to the gas in the
space between the shells 1 and 2 The outer 125 shell 2 may be of
welded construction or it may be of riveted or bolted construction,
the plates of the shell 2 being attached say to angle pieces welded to
the inner shell 1; in this case in order to ensure a leak-proof 130
plate which is itself pierced with a number of holes 27 for cooling
gas In this, way the velocity of the incoming cool gas from the heat
exchangers causes a circulation of gas in this bottom zone 70
Referring now to Figure 5, in this construction, the inner shell 1
consists of a vertical cylindrical section 1 A with an end section 1 W
formed from a flat plate and part of a cone Only one gas seal 28 is
provided 75 at the top of the core 4 between the core 4 and the inner
shell 1 and below this level, the inner shell 1 is split at X to allow
top and bottom sections 1 A and 1 B to move independently as a result
of thermal expan 80 sions The flat end of the inner shell 1 is
supported on a number of tubes 29 which are attached to the outer
shell 2 and passed downwards through the inner shell 1 The method of
support, however, is such as to 85 allow the inner shell 1 to move
independently of the tubes 29, and in order to achieve a gas seal, a
bellows 30 is provided at each of these points and also at the points
where the hot gas pipes 8 emerge from the go inner shell l In this
case, only the upper part of the inner shell 1 above the gas seal 28
is at the lower gas outlet pressure and the rate of leakage which is
required, just as in the case of the construction shown in 95 Figure
4, is achieved by simply providing holes 31 through the flat end of
the inner shell 1, the size and distribution of the holes being the
only means to determine the actual rate of leakage 100 The flat
deflector plate 23 is again provided beneath the core 4 and the design
and function is identical with that described with reference to Figure
4 It will be appreciated that in this construction, the 105 transition
from low to high temperature on the inner shell 1 takes place rather
more abruptly than in the construction shown in Figure 4, and this,
together with the method of support of the flat end, makes the split
110 design for the inner shell 1 necessary One drawback of the
construction is that there is no possibility of modifying the rate of
leakage from outer to inner shells once the reactor is put in
operation 115
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* GB785946 (A)
Description: GB785946 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Furnace for heating reaction vessels
Furnace for Heating Reaction Vessels.
We, UNION CARBIDE LIMITED, of Grange
Mill Lane, Wincobank,. Sheffield, Yorkshire, a Corporation organised
under the Com- panies' Act of Great Britain (Assignee of
GLEN DAVID BARLEY), do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray
that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to
be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement :
The present invention relates to an apparatus for conducting
exothermic reactions at controlled high temperatures.
High melting point, reactive metals of groups IV, V and VI of the
periodic table are generally produced by reducing a halide of the
refractory metal with an alkali or alkaline earth metal. The operation
is carried on in a reaction vessel, the temperature of which must be
properly regulated if flue reduction reaction is to be safely
controlled.
Irrespective of the specific reduction technique used, the reaction is
usually initiated bv heating one of the reactants before the two are
brought together or by heating a mixture of the reactants. Since the
reaction is exothermic, little or no further heating may be required,
and cooling may be desired. If the reduction reaction is carried out
on a batch basis, external heating is required when the reaction is
nearing completion, since the quantity of heat evolved from the

reaction is then decreasing.
In order to suppress vapor phase reactions which may produce an
undesirably fine metallic product, the entire reactor should not be
heated. In the early stages of the operation, in fact, it may be
necessary to heat one portion of the reactor while another portion is
being artificially cooled. In order to accomplish this result, the
heating furnace containing the reaction vessel should be so designed
that the source of heat around one portion of the reactor will be kept
away from the other portion of the reactor. Further, the heating
furnace should be capable of heating all portions of the reaction
vessel so that, in the last stages of the reduction reaction, that
portion of the reaction vessel which was originally artificially
cooled may now be heated.
The alkali or alkaline earth metals have a great affinity for oxygen
and will burn vigorously at elevated temperatures. In the event of
reaction vessel leakage or failure it is, therefore, highly desirable
that provision be made for quickly removing any such metals that may
escape from the reaction vessel into the oxidising atmosphere of the
heating zone.
It is therefore the prime object of the present invention to provide a
simple and efficient heating furnace which satisfies all of the above
requirements.
Accordingly the present invention provides an apparatus for conducting
exothermic reactions at controlled high temperatures, including a
reaction vessel arranged within a furnace body provided with annular
partition means adapted to subdivide the space between the furnace
body and the reaction vessel into a plurality of separate chambers,
each of said chambers being provided with independently controllable
burners for directing heat against said vessel, exhaust conduit means
for discharging the products of combustion, and sighting means for
observing the heat applied to the vessel portion within the respective
chamber, characterised in that said annular partition means are
secured only to the inner wall of said furnace body and that said
reaction vessel is mounted in gas-tight supporting means in the top of
said furnace body and extends through an opening therein into the
space within said partition means.
If it is desired to obtain still further temperature differences in
the reaction vessel, the burners in any one chamber may be so
connected that they may be supplied with either fuel gas or a cooling
noncombustible gas.
In the accompanying drawings:
Fig. 1 is an elevational sectional view of a heating furnace embodying
the invention;
Fig. 2 is a sectional view along the line 2-2 of Fig. 1;

Fig. 3 is a sectional view along the line 3-3 of Fig. 1; and
Fig. 4 is a partial sectional view along the line 4-4 of Fig. 1,
showing details of burner. construction.
In accordance with the present invention, a heating furnace F, is
provided comprising a body having a base 10, side walls 12 and a cover
14 adapted, with an opening 15, to receive at least the major portion
of reaction vessel 16 in the main portion 18 thereof. A plurality of
fuel burners 20, such as shown in Fig. 4 of the drawings, is
positioned around the portion 18 of furnace F and passes through side
walls 12 into the interior of the furnace, each burner being adapted
to direct heat against a selected portion of the surface of reaction
vessel 16.
Sight lass means 22 are similarly positioned around portion 18 of
furnace F and pass through side walls 12 for observing the dis-
tribution of heat directed against portions of the surface of reaction
vessel 16. Exhaust conduits 24 are provided in the side walls 12 for
passing gaseous furnace products through exhaust fan means to vents
(not shown).
A false bottom 26 is provided. secured to side walls 12 near base 10,
for forming a comnartment 28 at the lower end of furnace F. The false
bottom 26 may be constructed of any heat-proof structural material.
but is preferably of refractory material. In the event that a
refractory material is employed. reinforcing means 30 may be employed
near the center of the suspension, to support the weight of the false
bottom.
It is the purpose of comnartment 28 to provide a chamber for the
reception and raDid quenching of combustible materials which may be
released into the portion 18 of the furnace in the event of the
failure of or leakage from reaction vessel 16. Accordindy. the upper
surface 32 of the false bottom 26 tapers downwardly toward an axial
passage 34 leading to the underlying compartment 28. Any leakage of
combustible materials will flow alone surface 32 through passage 34
and into compartment 28.
Inlet means 36 is provided in the side walls 12 around false bottom
compartment 28 for introducing an inert gas, such as argon, helium,
nitrogen, and the like, into compartment 28. Inert gas is thus
supplied to maintain a non-oxidizing atmosphere in compartment 28
which will rapidly quench any combustible leakage materials passed
into the compartment from the main portion of the furnace through
passage 34. A plurality of vertical vent passages 38 is also provided
to permit the passage of inert gas from compartment 28 to the main
portion 18 of furnace F and thence out through exhaust conduit means
24.
A partition 40 secured only to the side wall 12 of furnace F is used

to divide the main portion 18 of furnace F into two separate but
intercommunicating chambers which are to be maintained at different
temperatures. Annular passage 42 between reaction vessel 16 and
partition 40 provides a space through which gaseous furnace products
may pass to the upper exhaust conduit 24, and through which outlet
conduit 44 from the base of reaction vessel 16 mav pass from the
furnace. Burner means 20 as well as the exhaust conduit means 24 are
associated with each of the chambers formed by the partition 40. Since
the conduit 44 rises above the level of the fused reaction mixture
within the vessel 16, removal of the. product is preferably
accomplished by introducing an inert gas under pressure into the upper
portion of the container, for example through the conduit 56 which
normally serves as a vapor outlet.
By employing a baffle construction as described hereinabove. it is
possible to heat different portions of the reaction vessel to
different temperatures; indeed it is possible to heat one chamber
containing a portion of the reaction vessel, while cooling the other
by passina relativelv cool non-combustible gas through the burner
means associated with that chamber.
As shown in Fig. 1 of the drawings. gas tight sealing means is
provided around that region of furnace cover 14 where reaction vessel
16 is inserted into the furnace. This sealing means comprises an
annular trough 46 filled with sand, salt or other granular material 48
in which a cup-shaped flange 50, secured to reaction vessel 16, rests.
This construction forms a seal which prevents the escape to the
atmosphere of vapors of alkali or alkaline earth metals, or their
combustion products, which are instead passed through scrubbers in the
exhaust gas system (not shown) leading from exhaust gas conduits 24.
Conduits shown at the top of reaction vessel 16 are reactant inlet
conduits 52 and 54 and outlet gas conduit 56.
A furnace similar to that shown in Figs.
1-4 of the drawings has successfully been employed to heat reaction
vessels in the sodium reduction of titanium tetrachloride.
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* GB785947 (A)

Description: GB785947 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Electric switches having interlocked covers
We, MIDLAND ELECTRIC MANUFACTUR-
ING COMPANY LIMITED, of M E M Works, Reddings Lane, Tyseley, in the
City of Birmingham 11, a British Company, do hereby declare the
invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and
the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and
by the following statement:-
This invention relates to electric switches of the kind in which the
movable contact piece or pieces is or are carried or operable by an
endwise slidable bar which is movable by an angularly movable cam, the
latter being operable by an external handle, and in which provision is
made whereby detachment of a cover cannot be effected until after the
switch has been moved to its "off" position.
The object of the present invention is to provide a switch of the kind
aforesaid with improved means for interlocking the cover and switch.
A switch in accordance with the invention comprises the combination of
a handle and switch-actuating spindle carried by the cover, and a
shield secured to the switch and having therein a key-hole slot giving
access to the cam, the spindle having on its inner end a key piece for
detachable engagement with the cam through the key-hole slot, and the
arrangement being such that by the interaction of the key piece and
shield the cover can be removed only when the switch is in the "off"
position.
In the accompanying drawings:
Figure 1 is a front elevation showing (with a part of the case cover
broken off) a threepole switch embodying the invention; Figure 2 is a
fragmentary sectional elevation on the line 2-2 of Figure 3 looking
towards the inside of the case cover and showing means for preventing
accidental movement of the switch; lPrice 3 s 6 d l Figure 3 is a
fragmentary sectional plan of the switch and the case cover, showing
the switch actuating means; Figure 4 is a fragmentary front elevation
illustrating a modified form of switch and shield; Figure 5 is a
sectional side view of the means for actuating the switch shown in

Figure 4; and Figure 6 is a sectional view on the line 6-6 of Figure 5
looking towards the inner side of the case cover.
Referring to Figures 1-3, the switch includes an endwise slidable bar
a for carrying the movable contact pieces b, and an angularly movable
cam c for moving the bar to the "off" position, the bar being movable
to the closed position by a spring d.
The movable contact pieces b co-operate with fixed contact pieces e
carried by the switch base f (Figure 3) To the front por.
tiori of the switch base which also carries the said bar a is attached
a shield g in the form of a plate made from electrical insulating
material, the shield serving to enclose the bar and contact pieces In
the shield is formed a key-hole slot h which exposes the front end of
the cam Also it may have formed in it a gap which exposes an "on" and
"off" indicator attached to or depicted on the bar.
The switch is contained in a box i having a removable front cover j
Alternatively it may be enclosed by a dished front cover shaped to fit
over the front and sides of the switch On the cover is mounted an
angularly movable spindle k the actuating handle m of which is secured
to or formed on the outer end of the spindle Along the inner portion
of the spindle is formed a longitudinal slot, and in this slot is
secured a flat key piece N which at its inner end can pass through the
key-hole slot in the shield and engage a transverse notch in the cam.
785,947 PATENT SPE CIFICATFDN Inventor:-SIDNEY ROLAND LOWE.
Date of filing Complete Specification: June 8, 1956.
H Application Date: June 9, 1955 No 16565/55.
Complete Specification Publi&hed: Nov 6, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 38 ( 5), Bl NNED: IE 7), B 2 B( 1: 2: 3), 1
i 2 D.
International Classification:-H 01 w H 02 c.
Electric Switches having Interlocked Covers.
The shape of the key piece and the disposition of the key-hole slot
are such that the key piece can be engaged with and withdrawn from the
cam only when the switch is S in the "off" position When the switch is
in the "on" position a lateral projection o on the key piece extends
behind the shield and so prevents withdrawal of the key piece.
Also on the inner side of the cover are pivoted a pair of catches p
which are interconnected by a spring q and having lateral projections
r which engage the key piece u for preventing accidental movements of
the handle.
The switch is shown in the "off" position in Figure 1 To close the
switch the handle m is moved in the direction of the arrow in Figure
1.
The cover is held in position by any convenient means If desired there

may also be combined with the switch one or more fuses S which are
also enclosed by the cover.
In the modified construction shown in Figures 4-6, the movable contact
pieces b are provided on blade springs t which at one end are
supported on the base f, and the said contact pieces co-operate with
fixed contact Pieces e carried by the base The spring blades t are
engaged by notched portions of the slidable bar a and are moved to the
"off" positions by the action of the cam c on the bar.
In this example, the shield is preferably made from two parts g' and g
2, the Dart g 2 being separately removable to expose the switch
contacts for inspection without disturbing the part g'.
The shield part g' is provided with a keyhole slot h as above
described to receive the key piece N the latter being adapted to
prevent removal of the cover when the switch is in the "on" position
In this example, the spindle k on which the key piece is secured or
formed, and to the outer end of which is attached the actuating finger
piece in, is loaded by a torsion spring u which tends to turn the
spindle and key piece to the position in which the key piece is in
line with the key-hole slot in the shield part g', but is
insufficiently strong to actuate the switch When the front cover is
detached the spring u holds the key piece in the position at which it
can at once be engaged with the cam when replacing the cover, so
facilitating replacement of the cover Accidental actuation of the
switch from the "off" position is prevented by shaping the cam to
engage a shallow recess v in the adjacent end of the bar a when the
switch is in the said position.
* Sitemap
* Accessibility
* Legal notice
* Terms of use
* 5.8.23.4; 93p
* GB785948 (A)
Description: GB785948 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Photographic printing process

A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available
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BE539172 (A) CH330519 (A)
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: June 22, 1955.
No 18099/55.
Application made in Germany on June 22, 1954.
Complete Specification Published: Nov 6, 1957.
Index at acceptance: -Classes 98 ( 1), Al E ( 1 H: WJ: 5 B); and 98 (
2), D 12 X.
International Classification:-GO 3 b, c.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Photographic Printing Process We, AGFA AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT FUR
PHOTOFABRIKATION, of Leverkusen-Bayerwerk, Germany, a tody corporate
organised under the laws of Germany, ao hereby declare the invention,
for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and toe method
by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by
the following statement: The present invention relates to a
photographic printing process and more especially wo a photographic
printing process in which an additional printing light is used.
In contact printing or optical printing, it is already known to
influence the gradation of the light-sensitive layer by using more or
less diffused light instead of directed light for the lighting used
for printing purposes For this purpose, a piece of ground glass or
other light scattering means, for example a raster, was interposed in
place of a condenser in the path of 'the rays from a punctiform light
source.
Moreover, it has already been proposed to use supplementary diffused
illumination without the interposition of a negative, this taking

place prior to or after the normal printing exposures through the
negative When this supplementary diffused lighting was used, however,
it was left to the practical skill of the operator to influence the
gradation of the print in the required manner, since it was very
difficult to regulate the amount of light for the supplementary
illumination and to adapt it to the originals actually being used and
to the properties of the printing layers For quantity production, none
of these processes was saitisfactory as regards rapidity for use and
quality of the pictures obtained.
In Specification No 702,599 there is proposed a method of producing a
series of prints from a series of negatives of varying density level
and density range which comprises printing each negative on printing
material inherently adapted to afford developed images of high
contrast, the total exposure time being a constant for the series and
the exposure being made up of a printing exposure and a lPri Xc A 3 W
4 S 6 d fogging exposure each of pre-set duration, the inteasity or
the fogging liglt and the intensity of the printing light being
separately controlled, one of them in stepwise fashion, and the otler
being adjusted so that, in the total exposure time, the total exposure
of the print in the area corresponding to the most aense area of the
negative is just sufficient to cause (on development) a perceptible
veil in the print in such area According to this prior Specification
it is of some importance especially with untrained operatives, to
provlde a photometric device to assist the operative in making ithe
necessary adjustments: one such device is described in the said
specification.
It has now been found that, particularly in systematic working with
material in roll form in high-output printing machines, good
regulation of the gradation can be produced without the use of a
photometric device if a supplementary directed light which does not
pass through the original is passed through a lens system
corresponding to thait used for the printing light and is caused to
act on the lightsensitive layer, in addition to the printing light, to
influence the effective gradation of the printing layer In this case,
the exposure with the supplementary directed light can take place
simultaneously with the normal printing exposure The supplementary
directed light can with advantage be derived from the printing light
source and act on the printing layer for the same time as the printing
light.
The process can be carried out in various ways For example, the
intensities of the printing light and the supplementary light can be
infinitely adjusted in a ratio corresponding to the required paper
gradation by means of displaceable grey plates the optical density of
which gradually increases from one end to the other, arranged in the

path of rays of the printing light and supplementary light It is
advantageous for the sum of the transparencies of the grey plates
disposed in the two paths of rays to have the same value, preferably
1001 % in each setting, so that in every case the same pi'@ 3 85.948.
ridge amount of light reaches the printing layer The gradation is
regulated by using generally valid scales which have been calculated
beforehand and which are linearly coupled to the grey plates.
One embodiment of a device for carrying out the process of the
invention is illustrated diagrammatically in the accompanying
drawings, in which Figure 1 is a diagrammatic representation of a
printing apparatus The light from a printing light source 1 passes
through a condenser 2 on to a negative 3, and through a displaceable
grey plate 4, an objective 5 and a transparent mirror plate 6 to reach
a piece of printing paper 7 Supplementary light is branched off from
the printing light source and reaches the printing paper through a
condenser 8 and by way of deflecting mirrors 9, 12 and 6 and (an
objective 11.
In order to adjust this supplementary light, a grey plate 10 is
arranged in the path of rays and is coupled to the grey plate 4 In
order to compensate for the increase in density of the grey plates
within the paths of rays, compensating grey wedges 14 are located in
the said paths The grey plates are adjusted by means of a gradation
scale 13.
The gradation scale 13 is illustrated in greater detail in Figure 2,
and has recorded thereon data which depend on -the processing and in
accordance with which the printing Transparency of the grey plate in i
light and supplementary light are adjustea.
These values are determined in a manner known per se as follows: The
sensitivity of the printing paper, based on a mean grey tone of the
positive, is determined, a density of 0 8 having proved particularly
valuable Moreover, prior to processing under standardised processing
conditions, for example using a standard condition of developer, the
resultant gradation of the unexposed printing paper is established by
printing a grey step wedge of the wedge constant 0 05 = log 106 V/2 on
to paper in the apparatus, and recording the number of steps which can
be detected on the paper This figure is then a basis for the scale
which is to be used; by using the scale found in this way it is
possible in each case to obtain the required gradation of the paper,
namely extra hard (EH), hard (H), normal (N), special (S), soft (W) or
extra soft (EW) This scale can, if desired, be determined more simply
by approximation, by establishing the fogging limits of the paper by
means of a number of test exposures.
The -following table sets out the amount of supplementary directed
light which is necessary to produce the different gradations and which

depends on the number of wedge steps of the printing wedges to be
illuminated The values given here correspond to the values illustrated
in the -scale shown in Figure 2.
:he path of the supplementary light 8 8-5 9 9 A 7 10 10; 11 11 Extra
Hard 28 6 25 4 22 2 19 0 16 0 13 1 10 3 7 6 Hard 38 7 35 9 33 2 30 8
218 25 3 22 9 20 6 Normal 44 1 41 6 39 1 36 6 34 3 32 0 29 8 27 7
Special 47 4 45 0 42 6 40 2 37 9 35 9 34 8 31 8 Soft 49 6 47 4 45 0 42
8 40 7 38 6 36 7 34 8 Extra Soft 52 4 50 3 48 0 45 8 43 8 42 0 40 1 38
3 Fogging An advantage of the process of the present invention is that
the sensitivity of the paper does not enter into these figures, since
the essential feature of the invention is also to be seen in the fact
that the printing light and supplementary light are operative
simultaneously and, if desired, for an equally 'long time By means of
this process negatives of different density range can be printed on to
a paper of uniform and the steepest possible gradation.
The norm-al lens system used in photographic printing gives an image
field in which the illumination falls off towards the edge of the
field Since the lens system used for the supplementary directed light
in accordance with the present invention corresponds to the lens
system used for the printing light, the advantageous result is
obtained that the falloff of light is the same for the supplementary
light as for the printing light.
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