Understanding 20161128 v8
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This document discusses understanding cognitive systems. It begins by defining biological cognitive systems as those found in humans and animals, involving brains and evolution. Digital cognitive systems are defined as those built using computers, algorithms, and design. The document outlines steps to build, understand, and work with both biological and digital cognitive systems. It proposes a next generation cognitive curriculum focused on building intelligence. Finally, it reviews types of digital cognitive systems and existing AI courses.
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Understanding 20161128 v8
- 1. Understanding Cognitive Systems Jim Spohrer (IBM) November 28, 2016 http://www.slideshare.net/spohrer/understanding_20161128_v8 11/28/2016 Understanding Cognitive Systems 1
- 2. Today’s Talk: Understanding Cognitive Systems • What is a cognitive system (entity)… • Biological? • Digital? • How to… • Build them? • Understand them? • Work with them? • Steps toward a next generation cognitive curriculum… • Types of digital cognitive systems? • Types of courses? 11/28/2016 Understanding Cognitive Systems 2 Jim Spohrer (Maine, MIT, Verbex, Yale, Apple, IBM, …)
- 3. What is a biological cognitive system (BCS entity)? 11/28/2016 Understanding Cognitive Systems 3
- 4. What is a digital cognitive system (DCS entity)? 11/28/2016 Understanding Cognitive Systems 4
- 5. Build them (BCS)? 10 million minutes of experience 11/28/2016 Understanding Cognitive Systems 5
- 6. Build them (BCS)? 2 million minutes of experience 11/28/2016 Understanding Cognitive Systems 6
- 7. Build them (DCS)? Computers, data, building blocks & service offerings 11/28/2016 Understanding Cognitive Systems 7
- 8. Build them (BCS + DCS)? Socio-technical system design hardware < software < data < experience < transformation 11/28/2016 Understanding Cognitive Systems 8
- 9. Understand them? • Observe Them: Predictable and Auditable? • BCS: Sometimes predictable and auditable (natural, evolved, experiences, free will) • DCS: Mostly predictable and auditable (artificial, designed, algorithms, blockchain) • Hardware: • BCS: Brain-based (neurons) • DCS: Microprocessor-based (transistors) • Software: • BCS: (People and Experiences) Evolution & Psychology, Cognitive Science • DCS: (Machines and Algorithms) Design & Engineering, Computer Science • Data, Experience, Transformation? • BCS & DCS: External environment & sensing (Data), Internal processes, communications, storage (Information & experience), Philosophy of life, values (Transformation) 11/28/2016 Understanding Cognitive Systems 9
- 10. Work with them? Circa 2016… 11/28/2016 Understanding Cognitive Systems 10
- 11. Steps Toward a Next Generation Cognitive Curriculum • 2016 • “How to build a cognitive system for Q&A task.” • 9 months to 40% question answering accuracy • 1-2 years for 90% accuracy, which questions to reject • 2026 • “How to use cognitive assistants to be a better professional X.” • Tools to build a student level Q&A from textbook in 1 week • 2036 • “How to use your cognitive mediator to build a startup.” • Tools to build faculty level Q&A for textbook in one day • Cognitive mediator knows a person better (in some ways) than they know themselves (identity & responsibility) • 2046 & 2056 • “How to manage your workforce of digital workers.” • 2046: 10 digital workers each; 2056: 100 digital workers each 11/28/2016 11
- 12. Next Generation Cognitive Curriculum: Intelligence Building Blocks 11/28/2016 Understanding Cognitive Systems 12 • Intelligence Augmentation (IA) • Science • Design • Business • Society • Interdisciplinary • Artificial Intelligence (AI) • Learning • Perception • Reasoning • Interaction • Knowledge
- 13. What types of digital cognitive systems (DCS)? • Cognitive Build: Outthink Challenge (250K people) • Imagine a digital cognitive system to help you do something important in your personal or professional lives • Team to design it and advocate for it, and then everyone votes • Winners: reduce waste and human suffering, screen for health issues and safety threats, learn life skills and make better choices, find what you are looking for, move around more effectively, provide emotional support, provide IT support, learn about important public policy goals and make better choices • Types: Tool, Assistant, Collaborator, Coach, Mediator 11/28/2016 Understanding Cognitive Systems 13
- 14. Types • Tool • Assistant • Collaborator • Coach • Mediator 11/28/2016 Understanding Cognitive Systems 14
- 15. Types: Model/Capability/Challenge (+ = relative difficulty level) 11/28/2016 Understanding Cognitive Systems 15 DCS Type Improvement Model/ Learning/ Data Task Model/ Perception/ Variety Self Model/ Reasoning/ Commonsense User Model/ Interaction/ Episodic Memory World Model/ Knowledge/ Legal Trust Tool + ++ + + + Assistant ++ +++ +++ ++ ++ Collaborator +++ +++ +++ ++++ +++ Coach ++++ ++++ ++++ +++++ +++++ Mediator +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++++ tool assistant collaborator coach mediator
- 16. Sample existing courses • AI MOOCs (Next Slide) • Watson Innovation Course • http://crowdtruth.org/course/watson-innovation-course-2016/ 11/28/2016 Understanding Cognitive Systems 16
- 17. AI MOOCs: Circa 2016 11/28/2016 Understanding Cognitive Systems 17
- 18. 11/28/2016 18 1956 1976 1996 2016 2036 2056 Personal Reflections: The building blocks are getting better Maine MIT, Verbex, Yale Apple IBM
- 19. 11/28/2016 19 Come visit IBM Research – Almaden in San Jose, CA USA – monthly university day!
- 20. Dedication: Douglas C. Engelbart Father of the mouse and augmentation theory 11/28/2016 © IBM 2015, IBM Upward University Programs Worldwide accelerating regional development 20
- 21. Remember, this stuff is still really hard… 11/28/2016 © IBM UPWard 2016 21
- 22. Cognitive Science, a young field • Society • cognitivesciencesociety.org • People • Founders: Roger Schank, Donald Norman, Allan Collins • Others: David Rumelhart, Herbert Simon, Allen Newell • Today: Patrick Langley, Wayne Gray, Kenneth Forbus, Ashok Goel, Paul Maglio, etc. • Systems Conference • cogsys.org • (JCS wishes this was part of HICSS) 11/28/2016 Understanding Cognitive Systems 22
- 23. Advances in Cognitive Systems - cogsys.org 11/28/2016 Understanding Cognitive Systems 23
- 24. Google Search: August 26, 2016 11/28/2016 Understanding Cognitive Systems 24
- 25. Work with them? 11/28/2016 Understanding Cognitive Systems 25
Editor's Notes
- This presentation provides an initial conceptual framework for “Understanding Cognitive Systems” – this presentation can be downloaded from slideshare.net/spohrer Spohrer, J (2016) Understanding Cognitive Systems. A CSIG weekly speaker series presentation, also for Marty Apple. URL: http://www.slideshare.net/spohrer/understanding_20161127_v8
- I’m Jim Spohrer, I work at IBM and I am the presenter, and in today’s short talk, I will briefly cover what is a cognitive system (entity) – both biological and digital. Then I will briefly discuss how to build, understand, and work with digital cognitive systems – and how this is steps towards a next generation cognitive curriculum, including types of digital cognitive systems.
- Biological cognitive system entities… and human intelligence… The best explanation of what a biological cognitive system entity is can be found in Terrence Deacon’s book- the Symbolic Species – the co-evolution of language and the brain. All easily recognizable biological cognitive systems from ants to wolves to crows to dolphins to monkeys to people have brains that have co-evolved with symbol systems - chemical, visual, auditory – that individuals of the species you as a type of language for communicating and coordinating reasoning and interactions and the accumulation of knowledge for successful multi-generational living in an environment. Less sophisticated languages and brains deal primarily with the physical world, but more sophisticated languages and brains are needed to deal with the social and in the case of people, the cultural and institutional world, of large numbers of others of their species living in close proximity with each other. Responds to environment (decision making – model of physical world, tasks), learning (memory – model of self), language (communications – model of other), institutions (collaboration, competition – model of institutional world, trust) Is the entity the individual, the collective, or the species? Or all of these levels of organization?
- Technological cognitive system entities, or what we will call digital cognitive system entities – are most easily explained from science fiction examples like Star Trek’s Mr. Data – an individual smart machine or AI (Artificial Intelligence). Artificial Intelligence (AI = MI) versus Intelligence Augmentations (IA = HI + MI) = Human Intelligence + Machine Intelligence Versus a Tony Stark and Jarvis in Iron Man – which is an example of an Augmented Intelligence that combines biological human intelligence with technological machine intelligence into a system. In Augmented Intelligence – human computer interactions are often aided by augmented reality symbol systems that allow a blending of the physical and virtual or cyber worlds, so that people in the physical world can directly interact with bits of information in the machine intelligence or AI world. So it is likely that over time augmented intelligence and augmented reality interfaces will co-evolve as complementary technologies and system components. Important property of Augmented Intelligence, must increase HI by use and not diminish it. Same as a parent and a child – the child must become more capable over time, and more dependent
- People take 10 million minutes of experience to go from conception to adult in today’s society with rights and responsibilities. Dogs, and some other biological cognitive systems, make the journey in about 500,000 minutes of experience (half a million minutes of experience).
- Building an expert BCS takes 10,000 hours of deliberate practice, or around 2 million minutes of experience. Building an expert DCS is still very heard work, and the rule-based approach of expert systems can be brittle and the bottom-up data-driven deep learning approaches can take an incredible amount of data.
- In the 60 year history of the new field called Artificial Intelligence (AI) the building blocks have been getting better, and now “cognition as a service” is being offered by industry and non-profit players.
- As the lower level building blocks get better and easier to use, value migrates to higher and higher levels…. Ultimately, building an expert BCS (person) or DCS (assistant) is not simply about the hardware/software/data/experience levels but about the design and transformation of socio-technical systems. Where is the variety? Hardware and even software standardizing into modules and algorithms…. Data will standardize next into categories and types…. Experience is where the uniqueness is, and variety and variability, and identity.
- Moving from science fiction to what exists today in 2016 – in the marketplace, we can see that more and more companies are developing intelligent assistants and augmented intelligence systems with technological components – in the cloud, on smartphones, in robots, and in cars, or as embedded in existing communication apps or other devices that people use when interacting with others or the world.
- Here is what I tell students.... ... to try to provoke their thinking about the cognitive era: (0) 2015 - about 9 months to build a formative Q&A system - 40% accuracy; - another 1-2 years and a team of 10-20, can get it to 90% accuracy, by reducing the scope ("sorry that question is out of scope") - today's systems can only answer questions, if the answers are already existing in the text explicitly - debater is an example of where we would like to get to though in 5 years: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7g59PJxbGhY - more about the ambitions at http://cognitive-science.info (1) 2025: Watson will be able to rapidly ingest just about any textbooks and produce a Q&A system - the Q&A system will rival C-grade (average) student performance on questions (2) 2035 - above, but rivals C-level (average) faculty performance on questions (3) 2035 - an exascale of compute power costs about $1000 - an exascale is the equivalent compute of one person's brain power (at 20W power) (4) 2035 - nearly everyone has a cognitive mediator that knows them in many ways better than they know themselves - memory of all health information, memory of everyone you have ever interacted with, executive assistant, personal coach, process and memory aid, etc. (5) 2055 - nearly everyone has 100 cognitive assistants that "work for them" - better management of your cognitive assistant workforce is a course taught at university In 2015, we are at the beginning of the beginning or the cognitive era... In 2025, we will be middle of beginning... easy to generate average student level performance on questions in textbook.... In 2035, we will be end of beginning (one brain power equivalent)... easy to generate average faculty level performance on questions in textbook.... http://www.slideshare.net/spohrer/spohrer-ubi-learn-20151103-v2 By 2055, roughly 2x 20 year generations out, the cognitive era will be in full force. Cellphones will likely become body suits - with burst-mode super-strength and super-safety features: Suits - body suit cell phones Cognitive Mediators will read everything for us, and relate the information to us - and what we know and our goals. Think combined personal coach, executive assistant, personal research team.... The key is knowing which problem to work on next - see this long video for the answer - energy, water, food, wellness - and note especially the wellness suit at the end: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YY7f1t9y9a0&index=10&list=WL Do not be put off by the beginning of the video - it is a bit over hyped and trivial, to say the leasat... but the projects are really good if you have the patience to watch.
- In early 2016, IBM did an experiment to see what types of digital cognitive systems is employees where most interested in building. The experiment was called the “Cognitive Build” and over 250K employees took part in some way. I analyzed the top 400 projects, and with the help of ideas about Types of cognitive systems - co-created with the help of Don Norman and Paul Maglio – was able to identify five major types of cognitive systems that differ in the complexity of the models they possess.
- Tools are the simplest since the do one thing well Assistants are slightly more complex since they can help with a range of tasks. A collaborator is more complex, in that the best collaborators really know they user well. A coach must know the user even more deeply, not just today’s capabilities, but aspirations for the future. And finally a trusted mediator can take actions on behalf of the user – to help people interact better to co-create more value in complex interactions that require reasoning about institutional arrangements and laws, social and cultural conventions.
- These five types of digital cognitive systems and the types of models and capabilities they require are summarized in this table. Relate to learning, perception, reasoning, interaction, and knowledge – five parts of an AI course.
- The weakest link is what needs to be improved – according to system scientists. Accessing help, service, experts is the weakest link in most systems. By 2035 the phone may have the power of one human brain – by 2055 the phone may have the power of all human brains. Before trying to answer the question about which types of sciences are more important – the ones that try to explain the external world or the ones that try to explain the internal world – consider this, slide that shows the different telephones that I have used in my life. I grew up in rural Maine, where we had a party line telephone because we were somewhat remote on our farm in Newburgh, Maine. However, over the years phones got much better…. So in 2035 or 2055, who are you going to call when you need help?
- One of my heroes and mentors – Doug Engelbart (1925-2013) Doug and I had several conversations about the relationship between augmentation theory and service science. I wish we could have had many more. Before connecting augmentation theory to service science, I have to travel through some technical areas that are closer to my first two degrees physics at MIT and artificial intelligence at Yale university – but I promise you, I will connect this to service science and smarter service system research agenda….
- Reference Wikipedia “Cognitive Science”