A transformer is a passive component that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another circuit, or multiple circuits. A varying current in any coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, which induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) across any other coils wound around the same core. Electrical energy can be transferred between separate coils without a metallic (conductive) connection between the two circuits. Faraday's law of induction, discovered in 1831, describes the induced voltage effect in any coil due to a changing magnetic flux encircled by the coil. A basic transformer consisting of two coils of copper wire wrapped around a magnetic core Transformers are used to change AC voltage levels, such transformers being termed step-up or step-down type to increase or decrease voltage level, respectively. Transformers can also be used to provide galvanic isolation between circuits as well as to couple stages of signal-processing circuits. Since the invention of the first constant-potential transformer in 1885, transformers have become essential for the transmission, distribution, and utilization of alternating current electric power.[1] A wide range of transformer designs is encountered in electronic and electric power applications. Transformers range in size from RF transformers less than a cubic centimeter in volume, to units weighing hundreds of tons used to interconnect the power grid.A transformer is a passive component that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another circuit, or multiple circuits. A varying current in any coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, which induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) across any other coils wound around the same core. Electrical energy can be transferred between separate coils without a metallic (conductive) connection between the two circuits. Faraday's law of induction, discovered in 1831, describes the induced voltage effect in any coil due to a changing magnetic flux encircled by the coil. A basic transformer consisting of two coils of copper wire wrapped around a magnetic core Transformers are used to change AC voltage levels, such transformers being termed step-up or step-down type to increase or decrease voltage level, respectively. Transformers can also be used to provide galvanic isolation between circuits as well as to couple stages of signal-processing circuits. Since the invention of the first constant-potential transformer in 1885, transformers have become essential for the transmission, distribution, and utilization of alternating current electric power.[1] A wide range of transformer designs is encountered in electronic and electric power applications. Transformers range in size from RF transformers less than a cubic centimeter in volume, to units weighing hundreds of tons used to interconnect the power grid.

2. TOPIC:-
RUSSIA - UKRAINE WAR

3. Introduction
Since February 2022, the Russia - Ukraine war has
been on going. As of December 2022,
approximately 42k people had died and many more
had been injured. A lot of people were displaced
from their region. Hence it is most crucial topic to
be discussed with everyone to prevent any such
disaster happen ever again.

4. Russia Ukraine war
has caused the
largest refugee crisis
in Europe since the
Second World War
with over 3.4 million
Ukrainians fleeing the
country.

5. History -
● Russia invaded Crimea (March 2014).
● Minsk agreement 1 (September 2014): agreement aimed at
implementing a ceasefire was drafted, but it couldn't solve
the crisis.
● Minsk agreement 2 (February 2015), was drafted and both
countries agreed to implement a ceasefire.

6. Growth of conflicts between both countries-
● Ukraine applied for NATO (North Atlantic Treaty
Organization ) membership in 2008.
● After Russia annexed Crimea in 2014, Ukraine restarted
it's plan to join NATO.
● Russia is against NATO's eastward expansion stating that
the expansion is a threat to its security NATO is a collective security
system: its independent member
states agree to defend each other
against attacks by third parties
an intergovernmental military alliance between 31 member states –
29 European and two North American.

8. What benefit Russia was getting from Ukraine-
● Ukraine and Russia have shared cultural and linguistic ties for hundreds of years.
● Ukraine was the most powerful country in the Soviet Union after Russia.
● Ukraine has been a hub for commercial industries, factories and defence
manufacturing.
● Ukraine also provides Russia with access to the Black Sea and crucial connectivity
to the Mediterranean Sea

9. What benefit Ukraine was getting from Russia-
Russia had directed more than 15 billion dollar in assistance to Ukraine.
Ukraine had also got upto 30 % discount on natural gas price from Russia.

10. On 21 february 2022, Russia recognised Donetsk and luhansk as
separate republic countries.

11. Beginning of war-
● Several countries including the US, the UK and
the European Union opposed the recognition of
Donetsk, and Luhansk as republics.
● On 24th february 2022, Russia started invading
Ukraine.

12. Weapons used in war
● Phosphorus bombs
● Kinzhal missiles
● 9K720 Iskander ballistic missile
● "Vacuum" bombs
● War planes
● Javelin missiles
● Bayraktar TB2 drone
● Next Generation Light Anti-Tank
Weapon (NLAW)
etc

14. ● Civilians of ukraine joined the fight to defend their country
● Several countries imposed sanction on Russia.

15. Aids Ukraine got from other countries

16. ● Russia - Ukraine conflict affected the global
economy negetively
● Russia and Ukraine account for 10% and 3%
of global wheat production
● Russia is also one of the largest producer of
crude oil and natural gas

17. Implications of war on India
● An invasion by Russia would put pressure on India to choose between the Western
alliance and Russia.
● Maintaining strong relations with Russia serves India's national interests. India has
to retain a strong strategic alliance with Russia as a result, India cannot join any
Western strategy aimed at isolating Russia.
● There is a possibility of Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act
(CAATSA) on India by the U.S. as a result of the S-400

18. Role of Engineering to prevent war-
● Many engineering project give rise to political conflicts and violence.
● Engineers are good at advisory, decision-making, or design levels in the processes leading up to
project realization in conflict situations.
● Proper engineering solutions can prevent violent outcomes.
● For example-
● Soon after partition separated Pakistan from India in 1947, it became clear that failure to create a
system for control and distribution of the Indus River basin waters acceptable to both countries
could result in warfare.
● The World Bank took the lead in designing, negotiating, and financing a multi-dam irrigation
solution.