The document discusses various topics related to the Internet of Things (IoT). It begins by defining IoT as connecting physical objects to the internet. It notes that IoT devices include appliances, vehicles, phones, sensors, and more. The document then discusses common wireless technologies used in IoT like WiFi, Bluetooth, and infrared. It explains how these technologies work and provides examples of devices that use each one. Finally, it covers different network topologies including bus, star, ring, and mesh, comparing their advantages and disadvantages.

1. Starting from the Internet…
Internet appears everywhere in the world
but it is still a connection between people and people

2. What is the Internet of
Things?
Internet connects all people, so it is called “the Internet of
People”
IoT connects all things, so it is called “the Internet of
Things”

3. Internet Of Things (IoT)
DEFINITION :
The term "Internet of Things" has
come to describe a number of
technologies and research
disciplines that enable the
Internet to reach out into the real
world of physical objects.
The Internet of Things, also
called The Internet of Objects,
refers to a wireless network
between objects, usually the
network will be wireless and self-
configuring, such as household
appliances.

4. Internet Of Things

5. What Devices Are Connected
To It ?
At its core, the Internet of things means just an
environment that gathers information from
multiple devices (computers, vehicles, smart
phones, traffic lights, and almost anything with a
sensor) and applications (anything from a social
media app like Twitter to an e-commerce
platform, from a manufacturing system to a traffic
control system).
Basically, the Internet may be the backbone of
an Internet of things, but it's not the only bone in
that body. Then you need something that works
with that information to analyze it, act on it, or
otherwise process it. That something is typically
software, whether automated, semi-automated,
or human-controlled.

6. Household Things
Realated To IoT

8. What IS WiFi ?
A wireless network uses radio waves, just
like cell phones, televisions and radios do.
In fact, communication across a wireless
network is a lot like two-way radio
communication. Here's what happens:
1. A computer's wireless adapter translates
data into a radio signal and transmits it
using an antenna.
2. A wireless router receives the signal and
decodes it. The router sends the
information to the Internet using a physical,
wired Ethernet connection.
They transmit at frequencies of 2.4 GHz or
5 GHz. This frequency is considerably
higher than the frequencies used for cell
phones, walkie-talkies and televisions. The
higher frequency allows the signal to carry
more data.

9. How Does WiFi Works ?
http://playit.pk/watch?v=r4A8ZaTYUrg

10. How Does WiFi Works ?
If you've been in an airport,
coffee shop, library or hotel
recently, chances are you've
been right in the middle of a
wireless network. Many people
also use wireless networking,
also called WiFi or 802.11
networking, to connect their
computers at home, and some
cities are trying to use the
technology to provide free or
low-cost Internet access to
residents. In the near future,
wireless networking may become
so widespread that you can
access the Internet just about
anywhere at any time, without
using wires.

11. What Is Bluetooth ?
Bluetooth is standard for the short-range wireless interconnection of
mobile phones, computers, and other electronic devices.
Bluetooth Smart technology is a wireless communications system
intended to replace the cables connecting many types of devices, from
mobile phones and headsets to hear monitors and medical equipment.
Learn more about how Bluetooth Smart increases opportunities for
developers to make consumers' lives easier.
THINGS IN WHICH BLUETOOTH IS USED :
Bluetooth Cameras , Headsets and Head Phones and Bluetooth Mouse.

12. How Does It Works ?
Bluetooth requires that a low-costtransceiver chip be
included in each device. The tranceiver transmits and
receives in a previously unused frequency band of 2.45
GHz that is available globally (with some variation of
bandwidth in different countries). In addition to data, up to
three voice channels are available. Each device has a
unique 48-bit address from the IEEE 802 standard.
Connections can be point-to-point or multipoint. The
maximum range is 10 meters. Data can be exchanged at a
rate of 1 megabit per second (up to 2Mbps in the second
generation of the technology). A frequency hop scheme
allows devices to communicate even in areas with a great
deal of electromagnetic interference. Built-in encryption and
verification is provided.

13. What Is Infrared Technology ?
It is a electromegnetic radiations of higher frequenies. It is
a invisible light. Infrared is a line-of-sight
wireless technology that uses a beam of invisible light to
transmit information. This means that the infrared ports of
both devices must be nearby and aimed at each other for a
connection to succeed.

14. Infrared Technology is
Used In ?

15. TOPOLOGIES
1. RING TOPOLOGY
2. BUS TOPOLOGY
3. STAR TOPOLOY
4. MESH TOPOLOY

16. Bus Topology
1. Single cable connects all network nodes without intervening connectivity
devices
2. Devices share responsibility for getting data from one point to another
3. Terminators stop signals after reaching end of wire
– Prevent signal bounce
1. Inexpensive, not very scalable
2. Difficult to troubleshoot, not fault-tolerant

17. Advantages And
Disadvantages
 ADVANTAGES
• Works well for small networks
• Relatively inexpensive to implement
• Easy to add to it
 DISADVANTAGES
• Management costs can be high
• Potential for congestion with network
traffic

18. Ring Topology
1. Each node is connected to
the two nearest nodes so
the entire network forms a
circle.
2. One method for passing
data on ring networks is
token passing

19. Advantages And
Disadvantages
 ADVANTAGES
• Easier to manage; easier to locate a defective node or cable
problem
• Well-suited for transmitting signals over long distances on a LAN
• Handles high-volume network traffic
• Enables reliable communication
 DISADVANTAGES
• Expensive
• Requires more cable and network equipment at the start
• Not used as widely as bus topology
– Fewer equipment options
– Fewer options for expansion to high-speed communication

20. Star Topology
1. Any single cable connects only two
devices
1. Cabling problems affect two nodes at
most
2. Requires more cabling than ring or bus
networks
1. More fault-tolerant
3. Easily moved, isolated, or
interconnected with other networks
1. Scalable
4. Supports max of 1024 addressable
nodes on logical network

21. Advantages And
Disadvantages
 ADVANTAGES
• Easier to manage; easier to locate a defective node or cable
problem
• Well-suited for transmitting signals over long distances on a LAN
• Handles high-volume network traffic
• Enables reliable communication
 DISADVANTAGES
• Hub is a single point of failure
• Requires more cable than the bus
http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CCkQFjAB&url=http
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22. Mesh Topology
A communications
network having two or
more paths to any
code.
A type of networking
where each each
node must not only
capture and
disseminate its own
data, but also serve
as a rely for other
nodes, that is , it must
collaborate to
propagate the data in
the network.
http://www.slideshare.net/coolsdq/mesh-topology

23. Advantages And
Disadvantages
 ADVANTAGES
• Data can be transmitted from different devices simultaneously.
This topology can withstand high traffic.
• Even if one of the components fails there is always an
alternative present . So data transfer doesn’t get affected.
• Expansion and modification in topology can be done without
disrupting other nodes.
 DISADVANTAGES
• There are high chances of redundancy in many of the network
connections.
• Over all cost of this network is way too high as compared to
other networks topology.
• Set-up and maintenance of topology is too difficult . Even
administration of the network is tough.

24. SOLUTIONS
TO THE
QUESTIONS
Aliza Aman
THANK YOU !
Usman Institute Of Technology