Beyond the Solar System Astronomy Lesson PowerPoint

2. http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Website Link:

5. -Nice neat notes that are legible and use indentations when appropriate. -Example of indent. -Skip a line between topics -Don’t skip pages -Make visuals clear and well drawn.

6. • RED SLIDE: These are notes that are very important and should be recorded in your science journal. • BLACK SLIDE: Pay attention, follow directions, complete projects as described and answer required questions neatly. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

8.  Area of Focus: Beyond our Solar System

9. • What causes different stars to appear in the sky at different times of the year?

10. • What causes different stars to appear in the sky at different times of the year? – There are two major motions affecting the Earth:

11. • What causes different stars to appear in the sky at different times of the year? – There are two major motions affecting the Earth: • The earths rotation around its axis, and its rotation around the Sun (revolution).

12. • The rotation of the Earth on its axis causes the nightly movement of the stars across the sky.

13. • The rotation of the Earth on its axis causes the nightly movement of the stars across the sky. The earth is rotating, the stars aren’t moving across the sky.

14. • The revolution is responsible for the fact that we can see different parts of the sky at different parts of the year.

15. • Video / Activity Umbrella, tape dotes, and doll needed (Optional) – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bzZxC58Y688

16. • New Area of Focus: Constellations

17. • What do you see?

18. • What do you see?

19. • Answer: Constellation Orion

20. • Big Dipper (Ursa Major)

21. • Big Dipper (Ursa Major)

24. North Star

25. • What is this a picture of?

26. • The North Star was an important navigational beacon for slaves escaping north in the underground railroad.

27. • Constellations can be images that are associated with groups of stars. – They help us tell which stars are which. – They also help break the sky into sections to help us remember. – Early farmers may have used them to help determine times for planting. – Visit http://www.google.com/sky/

32. • Activity! (Optional) Making a Constellation. – Eye Protection Required. – Each student gets a 35 mm film canister. – Use push pin to create holes on bottom of canister to recreate your constellation. • http://www.google.com/sky/ – Use masking tape to label the outside of your canister with your constellation. – Students should create four circles in notebook to sketch some of your peers work. – Use a flashlight, dark room, and ceiling to show your constellations. – Templates can be found at… • http://space.about.com/library/graphics/constellation_patterns.jpg

33. • You can complete this question.

36. • Continuing our tour beyond the Stars that we can see in the sky with our naked eye.

37. • New Area of Focus: Learning from the Hubble Space Telescope.

38. • Hubble Space Telescope – Launched 1990, fixed in 1993 – Short Video http://hubblesite.org/gallery/movie_theater/hm_1 5th_anniversary/ – Video Gallery / Missions http://hubblesite.org/gallery/movie_theater/

41. This is what we see when we look into the night sky, a few thousand stars

45. This is what we see when we look into the night sky, a few thousand stars The Hubble Space Telescope may view…

49. This is what we see when look into the night sky, a few thousand stars The Hubble Space Telescope may that dot as this..

52. This is what we see when look into the night sky, a few thousand stars The Hubble Space Telescope may that dot as this.. Each Bright spot in the distance is a Galaxy made of billions of stars at this point.

54. This is what we see when look into the night sky, a few thousand stars The Hubble Space Telescope may that dot as this.. What if the Hubble aims at nothing for many days? What will it see?

61. This is what we see when look into the night sky, a few thousand stars The Hubble Space Telescope may that dot as this.. Each bright spot is a Galaxy made of Billions and Billions of Stars

62. This is what we see when look into the night sky, a few thousand stars The Hubble Space Telescope may that dot as this.. Each bright spot is a Galaxy made of Billions and Billions of Stars That is what was found when you stare into a region of space that appears to be completely empty.

81. • Video! The Hubble Deep Field Photograph and Weird Dancing Guy? 6:39 min – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mcBV-cXVWFw – Or visit this link http://hubblesite.org/hubble_discoveries/hubble_d eep_field/ Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

82. • Link! Size Scale of the Universe (Flash) – http://inciswf.com/589217_scale_of_universe_ enhanced.swf

84. • You can now complete this question.

85. • Activity! Teacher to select one student that they believe is really fast. – Student will stand in the middle of the room and watch the teachers laser pointer. – Teacher: When they turn on the laser for an instance the students need to try and dodge it before it hits their body. • Don’t shine laser into eyes.

86.  A light-year is a unit of distance.  It is the distance that light can travel in one year. (9,500,000,000,000 kilometers.)  Light moves at a velocity of about 300,000 kilometers (km) each second.  So in one year, it can travel about 10 trillion km.

89.  A light-year is a unit of distance.  It is the distance that light can travel in one year. (9,500,000,000,000 kilometers.)  Light moves at a velocity of about 300,000 kilometers (km) each second.  So in one year, it can travel about 10 trillion km. 9.5 x 10¹²

90.  A light-year is a unit of distance.  It is the distance that light can travel in one year. (9,500,000,000,000 kilometers.)  Light moves at a velocity of about 300,000 kilometers (km) each second in a vacuum.  So in one year, it can travel about 10 trillion km.

91. • Light speed put into perspective. – In one second light could travel back and fourth from New York to LA 38 times. 38 times a sec.

92. • Available Extension PowerPoint and Available Sheets. – Metric Conversions and Scientific Notation.

100. • Nebulas photo tour with music. – Sit back and enjoy. You’ve had a busy day. – Music Link: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O15x-B8PgeE

152. How does that high note go…?

161. A quasar is believed to be a supermassive black hole surrounded by an accretion disk.

163. When gas, whole galaxies, and stars are absorbed into a quasar the result is a massive collision of matter that causes a gigantic explosive output of radiation energy and light.

168. Radiation, light, and radio waves from the absorbed materials in the black hole travel billions of light years through space.

169. Radiation, light, and radio waves from the absorbed materials in the black hole travel billions of light years through space. When we detect a quasar it shows 10-15 billion years into the past.

170. Last chance to hit the high note.

178. • Law of Gravity F = G M m / r^2 – Gravity is an attractive force between two bodies, which depends only on the mass of the two bodies (M and m) and inversely on the square of the separation between the two bodies. – (If you double the mass of the earth, its gravitational force will become twice as big; if you get 3 times further away from the earth, its gravitational force will be 3 times weaker.) If interested in some difficult mathematics visit… http://easycalculation.com/physics/classical-physics/learn- newtons-law.php

187. • Which one is the relative gravity of Jupiter? – Earth's force of gravity is measured at 1.00

190. • Question. – If the sun were shrunk into the size of a basketball without losing any mass, would it have more, less, or the same gravitational effects it has now?

191. • Question. Answer… – If the sun were shrunk into the size of a basketball without losing any mass, would it have more, less, or the same gravitational effects it has now?

194. • Question. Answer… – If the sun were shrunk into the size of a basketball without losing any mass, would it have more, less, or the same gravitational effects it has now? Learn more (Advanced) at… http://www2.astro.psu.edu/users/caryl/a10/lec4_2d.html

195. • Video Link! Gravity in a minute – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jk5E-CrE1zg

196.  Black Hole: A region of space resulting from the collapse of a star with an extremely high gravitational field.  A region of spacetime from which gravity prevents anything, including light, from escaping.  Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

200.  Black Hole: A region of space resulting from the collapse of a star with an extremely high gravitational field.  A region of spacetime from which gravity prevents anything, including light, from escaping.  Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy A black hole is anything but empty space.

201.  Black Hole: A region of space resulting from the collapse of a star with an extremely high gravitational field.  A region of spacetime from which gravity prevents anything, including light, from escaping.  Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy A black hole is anything but empty space. Rather, it is a great amount of matter packed into a very small area.

202. • Artist rendition.

205. • The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass will deform spacetime to form a black hole.

206. • The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass will deform spacetime to form a black hole. Mathematically defined surface called an event horizon that marks the point of no return

208. Near the end of its life the star runs of out fuel and can’t support it’s massive structure.

209. Near the end of its life the star runs of out fuel and can’t support it’s massive structure. Takes Billions of years.

210. The stars own gravity creates the collapse.

211. The stars own gravity creates the collapse. The outer shell of the star explodes into the space.

212. The star shrinks to a critical size, called the Schwarzschild radius and it starts to devour everything that gets trapped in its gravity.

215. The star shrinks to a critical size, called the Schwarzschild radius and it starts to devour everything that gets trapped in its gravity. .

217. Not even light can escape.

220. • Educational Link! Black holes – http://hubblesite.org/explore_astronomy/black_ holes/ Black holes can be found in the center of galaxies.

221. • 'Matter tells spacetime how to curve.

222. • 'Matter tells spacetime how to curve. Spacetime tells matter how to move.'

223. • 'Matter tells spacetime how to curve. Spacetime tells matter how to move.' -John Wheeler

224. • General relativity describes that space and time are actually different aspects of the same thing -space-time-.

225. • General relativity describes that space and time are actually different aspects of the same thing -space-time-. – Gravity is the bend in space-time.

226. • Gravity – The force which attracts objects

227. • Gravity is…Ripples and waves in the fabric of space and time.

228. • Gravity is…Ripples and waves in the fabric of space and time.

229. • Activity! Spacetime – Everyone hold the bed sheet so it stretches tight. – Place the weight / shot put into the middle (Sun). – Toss marbles (planets) around the sun and observe their behavior.

230. • The heavier the mass, the more the fabric of space and time is bent.

231. • The heavier the mass, the more the fabric of space and time is bent. – Creating more gravity.

233. • Simulated Black Hole - Showing gravity

234. • Simulated Black Hole - Showing gravity, • A collapsed star would be way down there.

235. • Simulated Black Hole - Showing gravity, • A collapsed star would be way down there. Photoshop

236. • Video! From Newton to Einstein – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQmmL488MiY

237. • Video Link! General Relativity and Black holes (Advanced and Optional) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tPf_KGnQ UmM

242. • Who wields this hammer?

243. • Who wields this hammer?

244. • Who wields this hammer? My hammer was supposedly built from the material in a neutron star.

245. • Who wields this hammer? “Not even Ironman could pick it up.”

248. • Pulsar: A rapidly spinning neutron star that emits radiation, usually radio waves, in narrow beams. – These beams are focused by the star's powerful magnetic field and stream outward from its magnetic pole

249. • Pulsar: A rapidly spinning neutron star that emits radiation, usually radio waves, in narrow beams. – These beams are focused by the star's powerful magnetic field and stream outward from its magnetic pole

250. • Life Cycle of a Star Review.

261. Super Nova

275. If the star is bigger than 5 times the mass of the Sun, it will become a black hole.

276. If the star is bigger than 5 times the mass of the Sun, it will become a black hole. If it has less than 1.4 times the mass of the Sun, it will form a white dwarf.

277. If the star is bigger than 5 times the mass of the Sun, it will become a black hole. If it has less than 1.4 times the mass of the Sun, it will form a white dwarf. All other stars that go supernova become neutron stars.

285. Planet forming disk around a star. (artistic)

316. • Galaxies can be…

317. • Galaxies can be… – Spiral

326. • Galaxies can be… – Spiral – Barred

327. • Galaxies can be… – Spiral – Barred

328. • Galaxies can be… – Spiral – Barred – Elliptical

329. • Galaxies can be… – Spiral – Barred – Elliptical – Irregular

330. • Galaxies can be… – Spiral – Barred – Elliptical – Irregular

331. • Which is the Spiral Galaxy from the group below? A B C D

332. • Which is the Spiral Galaxy from the group below? Answer: D A B C D

334. • Which is the Barred Galaxy from the group below? A B C D

335. • Which is the Barred Galaxy from the group below? Answer: A A B C D

338. • Which is the Elliptical Galaxy from the group below? A B C D

339. • Which is the Elliptical Galaxy from the group below? Answer: C A B C D

341. • Which is the Irregular Galaxy from the group below? A B C D

342. • Which is the Irregular Galaxy from the group below? Answer: B A B C D

344. • Which is the Barred Galaxy from the group below? A B C D A B C D

345. • Which is the Barred Galaxy from the group below? A B C D A B C D

347. • Which are the Irregular Galaxies from the group below? A B C D A C D BB D

348. • Which are the Irregular Galaxies from the group below? A B C D A C D BB D

350. • Which are the Barred Galaxies from the group below? A B C D A C D BB C

351. • Which are the Barred Galaxies from the group below? A B C D A C D BB C

353. • Which are the Ellipitical Galaxies from the group below? A B C D A C D BB C B D

354. • Which are the Ellipitical Galaxies from the group below? A B C D A C D BB C B D

356. • Which are the Spiral Galaxies from the group below? A B C D A C D BB C B D A

357. • Which are the Spiral Galaxies from the group below? A B C D A C D BB C B D A

372. • Right now, you are…

373. • Right now, you are… – Traveling around the sun at 66,000 miles per hour.

374. • Right now, you are… – Traveling around the sun at 66,000 miles per hour. – We are also traveling around the spiral arm of the Milky Way Galaxy at 483,000 miles per hour.

375. • Right now, you are… – Traveling around the sun at 66,000 miles per hour. – We are also traveling around the spiral arm of the Milky Way Galaxy at 483,000 miles per hour. – And the Milky Way Galaxy is traveling through space at 1.3 million miles per hour.

376. • Which are the Irregular Galaxies from the group below? A B C DC D BBA B C D

377. • Which are the Irregular Galaxies from the group below? A B C DC D BBA B C D

379. • Which are the Elliptical Galaxies from the group below? A B C DC D BBA B C D B C

380. • Which are the Elliptical Galaxies from the group below? A B C DC D BBA B C D B C

382. • Which are the Barred Galaxies from the group below? A B C DC D BBB C D B C B C DD A

387. • Which are the Spiral Galaxies from the group below? A B C DC D BBA B C D B C B C A D

388. • Which are the Spiral Galaxies from the group below? A B C DC D BBA B C D B C B C A D

402. The most distant object that can be seen with the naked eye in the night sky.

403. The most distant object that can be seen with the naked eye in the night sky.

404. The most distant object that can be seen with the naked eye in the night sky. The Milky Way Galaxy is on a crash course with it.

405. The most distant object that can be seen with the naked eye in the night sky. The Milky Way Galaxy is on a crash course with it.

411. • Activity Sheet Available. Hubble and Google Sky.

412. • Activity Sheet! Visiting Google Sky. • http://hubblesite.org/gallery/tours/ • http://www.google.com/sky/ • You must visit and record some basic information and include a sketch when possible. – Visit and describe 2 planets. – Sketch 2 constellations. – Visit and describe 2 Hubble Showcase Images. – One Backyard and one X-Ray Image. – Two Galaxies from the GALEX Ultraviolet. – An Image from the Spitzer Telescope. – Visit and describe Two Pod Casts.

413. • How long would it take to travel to the closest star if we were riding on a commercial jet liner? – A.) 4 years – B.) 40 years – C.) 400 years – D.) 4000 years – E.) 40,000 years – F.) 400,000 years – G.) 4,000,000 years

414. • How long would it take to travel to the closest star if we were riding on a commercial jet liner? – A.) 4 years – B.) 40 years – C.) 400 years – D.) 4000 years – E.) 40,000 years – F.) 400,000 years – G.) 4,000,000 years

415. • How long would it take to travel to the closest star if we were riding on a commercial jet liner? – A.) 4 years – B.) 40 years – C.) 400 years – D.) 4000 years – E.) 40,000 years – F.) 400,000 years – G.) 4,000,000 years That’s longer than the human species has even existed.

417. • Picture of extrasolar planet orbiting star HR8799

418. • Kepler 22b – Earth-like exoplanet (somewhat) – Found in habitable zone (72 degrees F). – Orbits sun similar to our own (290 days) – 2 and a half times as large as earth, composition unclear.

419. • Gliese 876 d – Approximately 15 light-years away which is close for an exoplanet. – A terrestrial planet. 7.5 times larger than earth. – Very close to parent star. Artistic rendition

420. • GJ 1214 b – The parent star is 13 parsecs (40 light-years) from the Sun – GJ 1214 b could be a rocky planet with an outgassed hydrogen-rich atmosphere, a mini- Neptune, or an ocean planet.

421. • GJ 1214 b – The parent star is 13 parsecs (40 light-years) from the Sun – GJ 1214 b could be a rocky planet with an outgassed hydrogen-rich atmosphere, a mini- Neptune, or an ocean planet. If Star Wars fans want to know about parsecs visit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsec

422. • GJ667Cc – Lies in the habitable zone of its star. – 5 times larger than Earth and believed to be rocky. – Orbits it small parent star in 28 days. – Close for an exoplanet 22 light years away. Artisitic Rendition

423. • Super-Earth GJ 1214b – May be one giant superheated ocean – Only 44 light years away. Artistic rendition

424. • MOA-2007-BLG-192-Lb – May resemble Neptune but is only 3 times larger than Earth.

425. • HD 188753 b - A planet in a triple star system Artistic rendition

426. • Video Link! Exoplanet that orbits two stars. – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X1pALz0sJ1U

429. With 800+ exoplanets found, how many are earth-like?

436. • The search for earth-like exoplanets has revealed that our solar system is the misfit.

437. • The search for earth-like exoplanets has revealed that our solar system is the misfit. – The planets in most solar systems are not even close to habitable.

438. • The search for earth-like exoplanets has revealed that our solar system is the misfit. – The planets in most solar systems are not even close to habitable. • Most are too hot or too cold. • They are also made of dangerous gases • Many have superstorms / high winds.

439. • Video! Exoplanets – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yw6aAq7u ODU

440. • Why can’t we find evidence of Alien Life? – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I2apGYUX7 Q0 (Optional)

441. • There are about 400 billion stars in our galaxy alone. If each of them have the same number of planets (on average) as our own sun, then that's about 4 trillion planets in our own galaxy alone. Multiply that by an estimated 125 billion galaxies in the universe. Give or take a couple of hundred trillion, and you get 700 sextillion planets in the universe. – Could be larger but we don’t know. – Does life exists on other planets? – Is their intelligent life on other planets? Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

445. • There are about 400 billion stars in our galaxy alone. If each of them have the same number of planets (on average) as our own sun, then that's about 4 trillion planets in our own galaxy alone. Multiply that by an estimated 125 billion galaxies in the universe. Give or take a couple of hundred billion, and you get 700 sextillion planets in the universe. – Could be larger but we don’t know. – Does life exists on other planets? – Is their intelligent life on other planets? Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

450. • It would takes 4 years and 4 months traveling at the speed of light to reach our closest star Alpha Centauri. – It would take roughly 3,000 years with current technology. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

451. “Punch it Chewie.”

461. • Flying a manned spaceship to exoplanets is not currently possible.

462. • Flying a manned spaceship to exoplanets is not currently possible. – Searching for intelligent life maybe…

463. • The SETI Institute is an organization whose mission is to “explore, understand and explain the origin, nature and prevalence of life in the universe”.

464. • The SETI Institute is an organization whose mission is to “explore, understand and explain the origin, nature and prevalence of life in the universe”. – SETI stands for the "search for extraterrestrial intelligence.

465. • The SETI Institute is an organization whose mission is to “explore, understand and explain the origin, nature and prevalence of life in the universe”. – SETI stands for the "search for extraterrestrial intelligence. – The program uses radio and optical telescopes to search for deliberate signals from extraterrestrial intelligence.

468. What type of programs do we fund, and what do you cut?

469. • Video Link! The Odds of Alien Life – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6AnLznzIj SE (Optional) Drake Equation

470. • Everyone look at your hand.

505. Learn More: http://www.space.com/13347-big-bang-origins- universe-birth.html

518. • WMAP satellite picture of the infant universe created from seven years of data.

519. • WMAP satellite picture of the infant universe created from seven years of data. Learn more…http://www.nasa.gov/topics/universe/features/wmap- complete.html

520.  Evidence for the Big Bang Theory  -  -  -  -

521.  Redshift of Galaxies  The redshift of distant galaxies means that the Universe is probably expanding.  If we went back far enough in time, everything must have been squashed together into a very small space.

522.  Redshift of Galaxies  The redshift of distant galaxies means that the Universe is probably expanding.  If we went back far enough in time, everything must have been squashed together into a very small space.

523. • Redshift of Galaxies • The redshift of distant galaxies means that the Universe is probably expanding.

524. • Redshift of Galaxies • The redshift of distant galaxies means that the Universe is probably expanding. • If we went back far enough in time, everything must have been squashed together into a very small space.

525. • Activity! The expansion of the Universe with a balloon. – Everyone blow up a balloon (Do not pop one!) – With sharpie maker create galaxies all around it. – Deflate balloon and then blow up. (repeat). Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

526.  Microwave Background  Very early, the whole Universe was extremely hot. As it expanded, the heat left behind a "glow". The Big Bang theory predicts that this glow should exist, but that it should be visible as microwaves (EM Waves)  The Cosmic Microwave Background has been accurately measured by orbiting detectors.

527. • Microwave Background – Early on the whole Universe was extremely hot. As it expanded, the heat left behind a "glow". The Big Bang theory predicts that this glow should exist, but that it should be visible as microwaves (EM Waves)

528. • Microwave Background – Early on the whole Universe was extremely hot. As it expanded, the heat left behind a "glow". The Big Bang theory predicts that this glow should exist, but that it should be visible as microwaves (EM Waves) – The Cosmic Microwave Background has been accurately measured by orbiting detectors.

529.  Mixture of Elements  As the Universe expanded and cooled some of the elements that we see today were created.  The Big Bang theory accurately predicts how much of each element should have been made in the early universe. The numbers add up.

530. • Mixture of Elements • As the Universe expanded and cooled some of the elements that we see today were created.

531. • Mixture of Elements • As the Universe expanded and cooled some of the elements that we see today were created. – The Big Bang theory accurately predicts how much of each element should have been made in the early universe. The numbers add up.

532. • Mixture of Elements • As the Universe expanded and cooled some of the elements that we see today were created. – The Big Bang theory accurately predicts how much of each element should have been made in the early universe. The numbers add up. Our Sun is a new star, it formed from the gases of an exploded star

533.  Looking back in time  The alternative to the Big Bang theory of the Universe is called the Steady State theory. In this theory the Universe does not change very much with time.  Light takes a long time to travel across the Universe, when we look at very distant galaxies, we look back in time.  Galaxies a long time ago are different from those today, showing that the Universe has changed.  This fits better with the Big Bang theory than the Steady State theory.

534. • Looking back in time • The alternative to the Big Bang theory of the Universe is called the Steady State theory. In this theory the Universe does not change very much with time. – Light takes a long time to travel across the Universe, when we look at very distant galaxies, we look back in time. • Galaxies a long time ago are different from those today, showing that the Universe has changed. • This fits better with the Big Bang theory than the Steady State theory.

535. • Looking back in time • The alternative to the Big Bang theory of the Universe is called the Steady State theory. In this theory the Universe does not change very much with time. – Light takes a long time to travel across the Universe, when we look at very distant galaxies, we look back in time. • Galaxies a long time ago are different from those today, showing that the Universe has changed. • This fits better with the Big Bang theory than the Steady State theory.

536. • Looking back in time • The alternative to the Big Bang theory of the Universe is called the Steady State theory. In this theory the Universe does not change very much with time. – Light takes a long time to travel across the Universe, when we look at very distant galaxies, we look back in time. • Galaxies a long time ago are different from those today, showing that the Universe has changed.

537. • Looking back in time • The alternative to the Big Bang theory of the Universe is called the Steady State theory. In this theory the Universe does not change very much with time. – Light takes a long time to travel across the Universe, when we look at very distant galaxies, we look back in time. • Galaxies a long time ago are different from those today, showing that the Universe has changed. – This fits better with the Big Bang theory than the Steady State theory.

539. • Which comment below is completely bogus? – A.) As the Universe expanded and cooled some of the elements that we see today were created. – B.) The cosmic forces in the universe have been shrinking in size and scale as described by decreasing radiation. – C.) The redshift of distant galaxies means that the Universe is probably expanding. – D.) The Cosmic Microwave Background has been accurately measured by orbiting detectors.

540. • Which comment below is completely bogus? And the answer is… – A.) As the Universe expanded and cooled some of the elements that we see today were created. – B.) The cosmic forces in the universe have been shrinking in size and scale as described by decreasing radiation. – C.) The redshift of distant galaxies means that the Universe is probably expanding. – D.) The Cosmic Microwave Background has been accurately measured by orbiting detectors.

541. • Which comment below is completely bogus? And the answer is… – A.) As the Universe expanded and cooled some of the elements that we see today were created. – B.) The cosmic forces in the universe have been shrinking in size and scale as described by decreasing radiation. – C.) The redshift of distant galaxies means that the Universe is probably expanding. – D.) The Cosmic Microwave Background has been accurately measured by orbiting detectors.

542. • Which comment below is completely bogus? And the answer is… – A.) As the Universe expanded and cooled some of the elements that we see today were created. – B.) Remember, the universe is expanding. – C.) The redshift of distant galaxies means that the Universe is probably expanding. – D.) The Cosmic Microwave Background has been accurately measured by orbiting detectors.

543. • Video Link! The Big Bang – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jx_OBw189t8

544. • Many other theories also exist about the universes expansion. – Some explain a universe that expands like an inflated balloon and then contracts a bit and then expands, never reaching a big bang or big crunch.

545. • Many other theories also exist about the universes expansion. – Some explain a universe that expands like an inflated balloon and then contracts a bit and then expands, never reaching a big bang or big crunch.

546. • Many other theories also exist about the universes expansion. – Others, such as brain theory describes a series of universes such as sheets that can move away from each other and then contract toward each other.

547. • Many other theories also exist about the universes expansion. – Others, such as brain theory describes a series of universes such as sheets that can move away from each other and then contract toward each other.

548. • Many other theories also exist about the universes expansion. – Others, such as brain theory describes a series of universes such as sheets that can move away from each other and then contract toward each other. • When they meet, it’s a Big Bang event.

566. THE BIG CHRUNCH?

581. • Another theory is the big rip. – The matter of the universe, from stars and galaxies to atoms and subatomic particles, is progressively torn apart by the expansion of the universe at a certain time in the future. • Occurs from the dark energy in the universe. Learn More: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JaImVFRpOR8

582. • Video Link! Death of the Universe? (Theory) – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jmcf7T92H7M &feature=relmfu

586. • Extension of the prior two videos. (Optional) – Birth and Death of the Universe. – Part I (Old): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PV0ACIykxQI – Part II: (Old) – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=phV- Zpy1BeM&feature=relmfu – Part III: (New) – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fK375XB3v08&feature= relmfu – Part IV: – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gr8zLAxPs- A&feature=related – Part V: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_l0yxRRCrfk&feature=r elmfu

587. • Dark Matter, Dark Energy, General Relativity, Special Relativity, and String Theory Optional PowerPoint. – Introductory and will generate many questions and hopefully some answers. – Available in folder. (Optional)

624. Artistic rendition

647. • Video - Final Message: Carl Sagan • “The Pale Blue Dot” – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Lm6pEhykhs

649. • Activity! Review Racetrack • Download at http://people.uncw.edu/ertzbergerj/ppt_ga mes.html – Every student must write two well thought out questions on note cards to ask the class from the beginning of the unit. (A short response / term / mathematical answer) – Each table group is assigned a car. – Use white boards as table groups to write down the answers to the questions. Put the color and your cars number at the top of your board. – If your table group gets the question correct your car advances. (click the same color blimp at the top) – The table groups car that crosses the finish line first wins. We can restart when a group wins.

650. • Astronomy homework bundle due shortly!

651. • You can now complete the crossword puzzle.

653. • Space Expo arriving shortly.

654. • “AYE” Advance Your Exploration ELA and Literacy Opportunity Worksheet – Visit some of the many provided links or.. – Articles can be found at (w/ membership to NABT and NSTA) • http://www.nabt.org/websites/institution/index.php?p= 1 • http://learningcenter.nsta.org/browse_journals.aspx?j ournal=tst Please visit at least one of the “learn more” educational links provided in this unit and complete this worksheet

655. • “AYE” Advance Your Exploration ELA and Literacy Opportunity Worksheet – Visit some of the many provided links or.. – Articles can be found at (w/ membership to and NSTA) • http://www.scientificamerican.com/space • http://learningcenter.nsta.org/browse_journals.aspx?jo urnal=tst

659. • More Units Available at… Earth Science: The Soil Science and Glaciers Unit, The Geology Topics Unit, The Astronomy Topics Unit, The Weather and Climate Unit, and The River Unit, The Water Molecule Unit. Physical Science: The Laws of Motion and Machines Unit, The Atoms and Periodic Table Unit, The Energy and the Environment Unit, and The Introduction to Science / Metric Unit. Life Science: The Diseases and Cells Unit, The DNA and Genetics Unit, The Life Topics Unit, The Plant Unit, The Taxonomy and Classification Unit, Ecology: Feeding Levels Unit, Ecology: Interactions Unit, Ecology: Abiotic Factors, The Evolution and Natural Selection Unit and The Human Body and Health Topics Unit. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

660. • This Solar System Basics and the Sun lesson is just one small part of my Astronomy Topics Unit. This unit includes • A five part 2,800 Slide PowerPoint Presentation / unit roadmap full of activities, review questions, games, video links, materials list, and much more. • A 13 bundled homework package, modified version, 7 pages of unit notes, 4 PowerPoint Review Games of 100+ slides each, videos, rubrics, and much more that all chronologically follow the unit slideshow. • This is a fantastic unit for any Earth Science Class. • http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Astronomy_Unit.html

662. Areas of Focus in the Astronomy Topics Unit: The Solar System and the Sun, Order of the Planets, Our Sun, Life Cycle of a Star, Size of Stars, Solar Eclipse, Lunar Eclipse, The Inner Planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Moon, Craters, Tides, Phases of the Moon, Mars and Moons, Rocketry, Asteroid Belt, NEO’s, The Torino Scale, The Outer Planets and Gas Giants, Jupiter / Moons, Saturn / Moons, Uranus / Moons, Neptune / Moons, Pluto's Demotion, The Kuiper Belt, Oort Cloud, Comets / Other, Beyond the Solar System, Types of Galaxies, Black holes, Extrasolar Planets, The Big Bang, Dark Matter, Dark Energy, The Special Theory of Relativity, Hubble Space Telescope, Constellations, Age of the Earth, Time, Earth events in a 12 hour day, Principle of Superposition, Geologic Timescale, Extinction Events, Dinosaurs, and much more. Full Unit found at... http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Astronomy_Unit.html

663. • This was a very brief 5 mb tour. Please visit the links below to learn more about each of the units in this curriculum package. – These units take me about four years to complete with my students in grades 5-10. Earth Science Units Extended Tour Link and Curriculum Guide Geology Topics Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Geology_Unit.html Astronomy Topics Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Astronomy_Unit.html Weather and Climate Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Weather_Climate_Unit.html Soil Science, Weathering, More http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Soil_and_Glaciers_Unit.html Water Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Water_Molecule_Unit.html Rivers Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/River_and_Water_Quality_Unit.html = Easier = More Difficult = Most Difficult 5th – 7th grade 6th – 8th grade 8th – 10th grade

664. Physical Science Units Extended Tour Link and Curriculum Guide Science Skills Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Science_Introduction_Lab_Safety_Metric_Methods. html Motion and Machines Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Newtons_Laws_Motion_Machines_Unit.html Matter, Energy, Envs. Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Energy_Topics_Unit.html Atoms and Periodic Table Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Atoms_Periodic_Table_of_Elements_Unit.html Life Science Units Extended Tour Link and Curriculum Guide Human Body / Health Topics http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Human_Body_Systems_and_Health_Topics_Unit.html DNA and Genetics Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/DNA_Genetics_Unit.html Cell Biology Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Cellular_Biology_Unit.html Infectious Diseases Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Infectious_Diseases_Unit.html Taxonomy and Classification Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Taxonomy_Classification_Unit.html Evolution / Natural Selection Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Evolution_Natural_Selection_Unit.html Botany Topics Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Plant_Botany_Unit.html Ecology Feeding Levels Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Ecology_Feeding_Levels_Unit.htm Ecology Interactions Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Ecology_Interactions_Unit.html Ecology Abiotic Factors Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Ecology_Abiotic_Factors_Unit.html

665. • More Units Available at… Earth Science: The Soil Science and Glaciers Unit, The Geology Topics Unit, The Astronomy Topics Unit, The Weather and Climate Unit, and The Rivers and Water Quality Unit, The Water Molecule Unit. Physical Science: The Laws of Motion and Machines Unit, The Atoms and Periodic Table Unit, The Energy and the Environment Unit, and Science Skills Unit. Life Science: The Diseases and Cells Unit, The DNA and Genetics Unit, The Life Topics Unit, The Plant Unit, The Taxonomy and Classification Unit, Ecology: Feeding Levels Unit, Ecology: Interactions Unit, Ecology: Abiotic Factors, The Evolution and Natural Selection Unit and The Human Body Systems and Health Topics Unit Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

666. • The entire four year curriculum can be found at... http://sciencepowerpoint.com/ Please feel free to contact me with any questions you may have. Thank you for your interest in this curriculum. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy M.Ed www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com

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