UGC NET Paper 1 Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude.pdf
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Body: An Introduction
1. Body: An Introduction
California College of the Arts
April 2014
piero scaruffi
www.scaruffi.com
2. Piero Scaruffi
â˘Cultural Historian
â˘Cognitive Scientist
â˘Poet
â˘www.scaruffi.com
Demystifying Machine Intelligence (2013) A History of Silicon Valley (2011) Synthesis: Poems and Meditations (2010) A History of Rock and Dance Music (2009) A History of Jazz Music (2007) The Nature of Consciousness (2006)
4. What is it?
â˘Mummies
âThe Egyptians dissected the dead, even (especially) their kings and queens
âFigurative representation was approximate and not as âimmortalâ
vs
2400 BC
5. What is it?
â˘Graecoroman sculpture: Accuracy of exterior representation
Funerary stele of Hegeso (410 BC)
Augustus (1st c AD)
6. What is it?
â˘Anatomy
âAelius Galenus/ Galen (Roman Empire, 2nd century AD)
âSushruta Samhita (India, 4th c AD)
âIbn Sina Avicenna: âThe Canon of Medicine" (1025)
âAnatomy in 1500: still Galenâs manual of the 2nd c AD!
7. What is it?
â˘A universal source of knowledge about the human body: torture
âTo extort information
âTo punish (collectively)
âFor fun: gladiators, Inquisition, French Revolution, serial killers, etc but also⌠children
9. What is it?
â˘Mondino de Luzziâs âAnatomiaâ (1315): the first manual on dissection (and first public demonstration of human anatomy)
â˘Leonardo da Vinci (1510) compares muscular structures in humans and animals (unpublished in his lifetime)
10. 10
What is it?
â˘Seeing inside the human body/ Medicine
âParacelsus (16th c): âOpus Paragranumâ (1530)
â˘Disease is caused by external agents and chemistry can be used to heal the body
â˘But also magic and astrology
ââMan is a microcosm, or a little world, because he is an extract from all the stars and planets of the whole firmament, from the earth and the elements; and so he is their quintessence.â
âJean Fernel: âDe Naturali Parte Medicinaeâ (1542)
â˘Medicine founded on science and not on superstition
11. What is it?
â˘Anatomy
âVesalius: âDe Humani Corporis Fabricaâ (1543)
â˘Dissection of human cadavers
â˘Scientific foundation of anatomy
â˘Refutation of traditional doctrines of Galen
â˘First major book with engraved illustrations
12. What is it?
â˘Charles Estienneâs âLa dissection des parties du corps humainâ (1546)
13. What is it?
â˘Juan de Valverdeâs âAnatomia del Corpo Umanoâ (1560)
14. 14
What is it?
â˘Seeing inside the human body/ Medicine
âSantorioâs âArs de Medicina Staticaâ (1612)
âWilliam Harvey explains the circulation of blood and that the heart is nothing but a pump, not the site of thought (1628)
âThomas Willisâ âThe Anatomy of the Brain and Nervesâ (1664)
âAnton van Leuwenhock discovers spermatozoa (1677)
âMarcello Malpighi founds microscopic anatomy (17th c)
15. 15
What is it?
â˘Rembrandt
Rembrandt: âThe Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulpâ (1632)
Michiel Jansz van Mierevelt: âAnatomy lesson of Dr. Willem van der Meerâ (1617)
Aert Pietersz: âAnatomical Lesson of Doctor Sebastian Egbertszâ (1603)
16. 16
Astral Bodies
â˘Mikolaj Kopernik/ Nicolaus Copernicus
âHeliocentric theory (1530)
17. 17
Astral Bodies
â˘The study of astral bodies
âGalileo Galilei: the very far and very big and the very near and very small
â˘Uses a telescope to document the mountains of the Moon and the moons of other planets (1610)
â˘Builds a microscope (1614)
18. 18
Astral Bodies
â˘Telescope
âProbably invented in 1600 in Holland
âTransition from naked-eyed observation to device- mediated observation
âThe Church had no problem with Copernicusâ mathematical theory but has a problem with Galileo peeking into Godâs realm (the heavens)
âThe telescope reveals many more stars that the human eye cannot see
19. 19
Astral Bodies
â˘Galileoâs microscope (4 years after the telescope)
âIn a letter dated October 4, 1624, Bartolomeo Imperiali informs Galileo that a physician in Genoa "says that with this occhialino we will know for sure the site of a certain tiny particle of the heart, which it has never been possible to see with simple vision, and which will show itself to be a thing of great consequence for medicine ...".
âThe first iconographic document realized with the aid of the microscope is printed in Rome, a gift from the Accademia dei Lincei to Pope Urbano VIII, the Melissographia (1625), presenting the observations of a bee conducted by Francesco Stelluti
Stellutiâs plate as engraved by Matthaus Greuter (1630)
20. 20
Astral Bodies
â˘Microscope
âRobert Hookeâs âMicrographiaâ (1665): the cell
âAnton van Leeuwenhock sees and proves the existence of microorganisms (1674)
Hookeâs microscope
21. 21
Astral Bodies
â˘The study of astral bodies
âGreeks: The behavior of Nature can be explained (intuitive explanations)
âAristoteles: Motion is the basis of the explanation
âKopernik: The explanation must be simple
âGalileo (1632): Any explanation is good if it satisfies an experimental test ,i.e. provides correct predictions (non-intuitive explanations are acceptable)
âIsaac Newton (1687): The world is a machine
22. 22
Human and Astral Bodies
â˘What anatomy and astronomy had in common
âThe Council of Tours (1163) bans dissection of cadavers
âThe âIndex Expurgatoriusâ (1559) bans three quarters of the books printed in Europe (including Copernicus and Galileo)
23. 23
Where is it?
â˘Michelangelo: The Sistine Chapel ceiling (1512)
âBodies in celestial cartography
24. 24
Where is it?
â˘Sebastian MĂźnsterâ âCosmographiaâ (1544)
âEarliest German description of the world
âMuch more successful than Copernicusâ book
âSpawned revival of geography
25. 25
Where is it?
â˘Cartography
âAbraham Ortelius/Wortels (1570): "Theatrum Orbis Terrarum/ Theatre of the World": first atlas of the world
âGerardus Mercator (1567): Rumold's world map, drawn in 1587 after his father's map of â67
26. 26
Where is it?
â˘Francesco Carletti (1594)
âFirst tourist to travel around the world
âLeaves for slave-trading expedition to Cape Verde
âBoards Spanish ship to Panama
âColombia and Peru
âCrosses Mexico to Acapulco
âShip to Philippines
âVisits Japan
âBoards Portuguese ship from Macao to Goa
âBoards Portuguese ship from Goa to Lisbon
âRobbed by pirates in St Helen
âReturns home after eight years
28. 28
What does it do?
â˘Base 10 and decimals
âBabylonians: base 60 (sexagesimals)
âFrancois Viete: "Canon-mathematicus" (France, 1579)
âSimon Stevin: "De Thiende" (Nethelands, 1585)
âJohn Napier (Scotland, 1617): modern decimals (eg, 3.24)
29. 29
What does it do?
â˘Infinites and infinitesimals
âIf a line segment is composed of an infinite number of zero-width infinitesimal points, how does it have a finite length?
âBonaventura Cavalieri: "Geometria indivisibilibus continuorum nova quadam ratione promota" (1635)
âGalileo Galilei: "Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche intorno a due nuove scienze" (1638)
âEvangelista Torricelli: "Opera Geometrica" (1644)
30. 30
What does it do?
â˘What infinitesimals has in common with anatomy
âThe Jesuits ban infinitesimals in Italy
âJohn Wallis: âArithmetica Infinitorumâ (1656)
â˘the symbol for infinity:
31. 31
What does it do?
â˘Mechanical calculators
âWilhelm Schickard: the first mechanical calculating machine (1620)
(Computer History Museum, Mountain View)
32. 32
What does it do?
â˘Mechanical calculators
âWilliam Oughtre: the slide rule, a mechanical analog computer (1622)
(Computer History Museum, Mountain View)
33. 33
What does it do?
â˘Mechanical calculators
âBlaise Pascal: a mechanical adding machine (1642)
Pascal's "Calculating Machine" (1642) (Museum of Science, London)
34. 34
What does it do?
â˘RenĂŠ Descartes (1644)
âEquivalence between living and non-living matter
âAnimals are machines
âEverything material can be reduced to mechanics
âHuman bodies are machines too but the soul is not
Jacques de Vaucanson: The Canard DigĂŠrateur, an automaton (1739)
35. 35
What does it do?
â˘Julien Offray de LaMettrie (1748)
âOrganisms are machines
âMan is an animal
âThe mind is a machine
36. 36
What does it do?
â˘Pierre Jaquet-Droz (1774): automata
MusÊe d'Art et d'Histoire, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
37. Body
â˘Mapping of the human body
âAstronomy (astral bodies)
â˘Scientific revolution, industrial revolution, etc
âCartography (places for the body)
â˘Exploration, colonialism, etc
âCalculators and automata (mechanical bodies)
â˘Computers, robots, etc
39. What is it?
â˘Anatomy
âEurope, 18th century: Dramatic increase in demand for cadavers, esp Italy
âBritain, 1832: The âAnatomy Actâ to regulate dissections
âHenry Gray: âGray's Anatomyâ (1858)
ââŚ
âMRI (Raymond Damadian, 1972) and CAT Scanning (Godfrey Hounsfield and Allan Cormack, 1972)
40. Where does it come from?
â˘Proteins are the molecules that carry out all the work in your body
â˘Proteins are made up of amino acids (250 on average), and fold up into a 3D shape that allows it to carry out a specific function
â˘Proteins fold themselves quickly and properly into a 3D structure with no help from any hardware
â˘We canât predict from the amino acid sequence how the corresponding protein will fold
41. Where does it come from?
â˘Embryo development
âThe ability of embryonic stem cells to differentiate into different types of cells with different functions is regulated and maintained by a complex series of chemical interactions
43. Other Bodies: Sensory Exotica
â˘The bat can avoid objects in absolute darkness at impressive speeds and even capture flying insects
â˘Dolphins generate their sonar calls also through their nose, besides their larynx
â˘Migratory animals (birds, salmons, whalesâŚ) can orient themselves and navigate vast territories without any help from maps
â˘Butterflies take more than a generation to complete the journey, i.e. those who begin the journey are not the ones that reach the destination
44. Other Bodies: Sensory Exotica
â˘Birds are equipped with a sixth sense for the Earth's magnetic field
â˘Bees know where the Sun is even when they cannot see it because their eyes can see ultraviolet sunlight
â˘Many animals can camouflage
â˘Some fish emit electrical current
â˘Cephalopods can even change body shape
45. Where does it end?
â˘James Jerome Gibson (1966)
âBodies pick up information that is available in the environment
âBodies are vehicles for the continuous energy flow of the environment
46. Where does it end?
â˘Humberto Maturana (1970)
âBodies are units of interaction
ââAutopoiesisâ, the process by which an organism continuously reorganizes its own structure
47. Where does it end?
â˘Francisco Varela (1979)
âCognition is embodied action (or "enaction")
48. Where does it end?
â˘Richard Dawkins: The extended phenotype (1982)
âThe body alone does not have biological relevance
âThe control of a body is never complete inside and null outside
âThe âbody" must include more than just the body, something that extends beyond its skin
49. Where does it end?
â˘Richard Gregory (1981)
âA human is both a tool-user and a tool- maker
âTools are extensions of the body
âThere are "hand" tools (such as level, pick, axe, wheel, etc) and "mind" tools, which help measuring, calculating and thinking (such as language, writing, counting)
50. Where does it end?
â˘Artificial Intelligence
âDisembodied reasoning
51. The âTuring testâ: a computer can be said to be intelligent if its answers are indistinguishable from the answers of a human being
?
?
52. Where does it end?
â˘Rodney Brooks (1986)
âRobot = situated agent
âThe world contains all the information that the body needs
âThe environment acts like a memory external to the organism, from which the organism can retrieve any kind of information through perception
âCognition is rational kinematics
âEvery intelligent being has a body!
53. Endosymbiosis
â˘The problem:
âDarwinian variation alone is hardly capable of accounting for the extraordinarily complex assembly of a new organism
âGouldâs punctuated equilibrium is hard to explain if the forces at work are linear
âLateral gene transfer: genes are passed not only vertically from generation to generation but also horizontally from one species to another (e.g., eukaryotes evolved from archaea but with a little help from bacteria)
54. Endosymbiosis
â˘The solution:
âStructural coupling creates more and more complex organisms
âHumberto Maturana: "autopoiesisâ is a process to generate progressively more and more complex organisms
âBen Goertzel (1993): organisms capable of effectively coupling with other organisms are more likely to survive
âDarwinian evolution can occur much faster and can exhibit sudden jumps to higher forms
âOrganisms are composites
55. Endosymbiosis
â˘Konstantin Merezhkovsky (1909): symbiogenesis
âOne fateful day a mycoid managed to become the nucleus of an ameboid rather than its meal
â˘Ivan Wallin (1927): endosymbiosis
âBacteria may represent the fundamental cause of the "origin of species"
56. Endosymbiosis
â˘Lynn Margulis (1966):
âMitochondria (that generate the energy required for metabolism in humans) look like bacteria
âMitochondria have their own DNA, separate from the DNA of the cell
âChloroplasts (that carry out photosynthesis in plant cells) look like bacteria
âBacteria can trade genes
âBacteria can reproduce at amazing rates
âEndosymbiosis of bacteria is responsible for the creation of complex forms of life
âOur multicellular bodies are amalgams of several different strains of bacteria
57. Endosymbiosis
â˘A world of bacteria
âLife can be viewed as a plan for bacteria to exist forever
âThe biosphere is controlled mostly by bacteria
âThe biosphere is "their" environment, not ours
âEven the geology of our planet is due to the work of bacteria (shaped by the work of bacteria over million of years)
âWe are allowed to live in it, thanks to the work of bacteria, which maintain the proper balance of chemicals in the air
58. Endosymbiosis
â˘A world of bacteria
âMore than 90% of the cells that make up the human body are not human: they are bacteria
âCommensal bacteria are vitally important for our survival
âThere are more than 1000 species of bacteria in the human digestive system alone (and many more in the respiratory system, in the urogenital tract, on the skin, etc)
âWe are a superorganism, or, at least, a walking and thinking ecosystem
59. Superbeings
â˘Collective beings
âSingle-celled bacteria form large colonies in countless ecosystems, particularly visible in seaside locations.
âSoil amoebae join together in one huge organism that can react quickly to light and temperature to find food supplies.
âSponges are actually collections of single-celled organisms held together by skeletons of minerals
âAnts and bees show that the difference between a multi-cellular organism and a society of organisms resides only in the type of internal communication
60. Superbeings
â˘Collective beings
âKarl Von Frisch (1967)
â˘The individual is an oxymoron: a bee cannot exist without the rest of the colony
â˘The colony, on the other hand, constitutes a complex and precise self-regulating system
â˘The hive exhibits a personality, the individual is totally anonymous
61. Superbeings
â˘Collective beings
âLewis Thomas (1974)
â˘"I have been trying to think of the earth as a single organism, butâŚI cannot think of it this way. It is too big, too complex, with too many working partsâŚ.it is most like a single cell.â
62. Superbeings
â˘Guy Murchie (1978)
âThe entire Earth is an organism which uses as food the heat of the sun, breathes, metabolizes
âAll living organisms, along with all the minerals on the surface of the Earth, compose one giant integrated system that, as a whole, controls its behavior so as to survive
âAnd so do galaxies
âEverything constitutes a living superbeing
â˘James Lovelock (1979): Gaia
âThe entire surface of the Earth, including "inanimate" matter, is a living being
63. Superbeings
â˘Vladimir Vernadsk (1926)
â"Noosphereâ: the Earth is developing its own mind, the "noosphere", the aggregation of the cognitive activity of all its living matter.
64. Identity
â˘There are ~100 trillion cells in your body (of which 100 billion neurons)
â˘The intelligence of the body: It builds itself from 1 cell into 100 trillion cells in 9 months, and it rebuilds 98% of itself in less than a year
65. Identity
â˘Your body is younger than you think: the average age of all the cells in an adult's body is 7 to 10 years (Jonas Frisen, 2005)
â˘Every year about 98% of the atoms in your body are replaced
â˘You are physically someone else
66. Identity
â˘There are 10 times more bacterial cells in your body than human cells (bacteria are far smaller than human cells) - 500 species in the intestine alone (Human Microbiome Project, 2012)
â˘Where they came from: your mother's uterus, your motherâs milk, natural water, food, airâŚ
â˘What they do: help your immune systems and your digestion (âcommensal bacteriaâ)
â˘âHuman bodies are an assemblage of life-forms living togetherâ (David Relman)
68. A tool to communicate
â˘Body in visual arts
Yayoi Kusama
Botticelli
69. A tool to communicate
â˘Body in visual arts
Monywa, Myanmar
Sanjusangendo, Kyoto, Japan
Da Fo, China
70. A tool to communicate
â˘Body in performing arts
71. A tool to communicate
â˘Ray Birdwhistell (1952)
ââKinesicsâ, paralinguistic body communication, such as facial expression
âAll movements of the body have some kind of meaning
âNon-verbal behavior obeys its own grammar, with a "kineme" being the kinesic equivalent of the phoneme.
(Julia Woods, 2012)
72. A tool to communicate
â˘Sport
Nadia Comaneci Martina Navratilova Pele Eddy Merckx Haile Gebrselassie Yang Wei
74. The future of Body
â˘Prostheses
â˘Cyborgs
â˘Biotech
â˘Robots
75. A Brief History of Bionic Beings
1957: The first electrical implant in an ear (AndrÊ Djourno and Charles Eyriès)
1961: William House invents the "cochlear implant", an electronic implant that sends signals from the ear directly to the auditory nerve (as opposed to hearing aids that simply amplify the sound in the ear)
1952: Jose Delgado publishes the first paper on implanting electrodes into human brains: "Permanent Implantation of Multi-lead Electrodes in the Brain"
1965 : Jose Delgado controls a bull via a remote device, injecting fear at will into the beast's brain
1969: Jose Delgadoâs book "Physical Control of the Mind - Toward a Psychocivilized Society"
1969: Jose Delgado implants devices in the brain of a monkey and then sends signals in response to the brain's activity, thus creating the first bidirectional brain-machine-brain interface.
77. A Brief History of Bionics
1997: Remotely controlled cockroaches at Univ of Tokyo
1998: Philip Kennedy develops a brain implant that can capture the "will" of a paralyzed man to move an arm (output neuroprosthetics: getting data out of the brain into a machine)
78. A Brief History of Bionics
2000: William Dobelle develops an implanted vision system that allows blind people to see outlines of the scene. His patients Jens Naumann and Cheri Robertson become "bionic" celebrities.
2002: John Chapin debuts the "roborats", rats whose brains are fed electrical signals via a remote computer to guide their movements
79. A Brief History of Bionics
2002: Miguel Nicolelis makes a monkey's brain control a robot's arm via an implanted microchip
2005: Cathy Hutchinson, a paralyzed woman, receives a brain implant from John Donoghue's team that allows her to operate a robotic arm (output neuroprosthetics)
2004: Theodore Berger demonstrates a hippocampal prosthesis that can provide the long-term-memory function lost by a damaged hippocampus
80. A Brief History of Bionics
The age of two-way neural transmissionâŚ
2006: The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (Darpa) asks scientists to submit "innovative proposals to develop technology to create insect-cyborgs
2013: Miguel Nicolelis makes two rats communicate by capturing the "thoughts" of one rat's brain and sending them to the other rat's brain over the Internet
81. A Brief History of Bionics
The age of two-way neural transmissionâŚ
2013: Rajesh Rao and Andrea Stocco devise a way to send a brain signal from Rao's brain to Stocco's hand over the Internet, i.e. Rao makes Stocco's hand move, the first time that a human controls the body part of another human
2014: An amputee, Dennis Aabo, receives an artificial hand from Silvestro Micera's team capable of sending electrical signals to the nervous system so as to create the touch sensation
82. A Brief History of Bionics
Neuro-engineering?
(http://targetedindividualscanada.com)
(http://its-interesting.com)
83. A Brief History of Bionics
The future of your brain is coming faster than your brain can thinkâŚ
84. A Brief (literary) History of Cyborgs
Manfred Clynes and Nathan Kline: "Cyborgs and Space" (1960)
George Martin: "Brief Proposal on Immortality" (1971), i.e. mind uploading
Donna Haraway: "A Cyborg Manifesto" (1985)
Fereidoun Esfandiary: "Are You a Transhuman?" (1989)
85. Biotech
â˘1990: William French Anderson performs the first procedure of gene therapy
â˘1997: Ian Wilmut clones the first mammal, the sheep Dolly
â˘2010: Craig Venter and Hamilton Smith reprogram a bacterium's DNA
â˘2012: Markus Covert simulates an entire living organism in software (Mycoplasma Genitalium)
â˘Personal genomics
86. Meditation
â˘Is it âmurderâ if someone kills your clone? You are still alive, after all.
89. Robots
1962: Joseph Engelberger deploys the industrial robot Unimate at General Motors
1969: Stanford Research Institute's Shakey the Robot
90. Robots
â˘Valentino Breitenbergâs âvehiclesâ (1984)
âVehicle 1: a motor and a sensor
âVehicle 2: two motors and two sensors
âIncrease little by little the circuitry, and these vehicles seem to acquire not only new skills, but also a personality.
91. Robots
2000: Cynthia Breazeal's emotional robot, "Kismet"
2003: Hiroshi Ishiguro's Actroid, a young woman
92. Robots
2004: Mark Tilden's biomorphic robot Robosapien
2005: Honda's humanoid robot "Asimo"
Asimo over the years
93. Robots
Special purpose robots:
2001: NEC PaPeRo (a social robot targeting children)
2005: Toyota's Partner (designed for assistance and elderly care applications)
2007: RobotCub Consortium aggreement, the iCub (for research in embodied cognition)
2008: Aldebaran Robotics' Nao (for research and education)
2010: NASA's Robonaut-2 (for exploration)
94. Robots
2005: Boston Dynamics' quadruped robot "BigDog"
2008: Nexi (MIT Media Lab), a mobile-dexterous-social robot
2010: Lola Canamero's Nao, a robot that can show its emotions
2011: Osamu Hasegawa's SOINN-based robot that learns functions it was not programmed to do
2012: Rodney Brooks' hand programmable robot "Baxter"
95. Robots
â˘Rod Brooks/ Rethink Robotics (2012)
âVision to locate and grasp objects
âCan be taught to perform new tasks by moving its arms in the desired sequence
98. Case study: Japan
â˘Joruri/ puppet theater (~1650)
â˘âAutomated mechanisms, or karakuri, were originally separate from the puppets, used only in stage machinery or in robot dolls that performed between acts. But the machinery eventually found its way into the bodies of the puppetsâ (Chris Bolton)
99. Case study: Japan
â˘What sense does it make for a puppet to put on a God-like mask?
100. Case study: Japan
â˘Oriza Hirataâs robot theater
âI, Workerâ (2008)
âSayonaraâ (2010)
101. Case study: Japan
â˘Oriza Hirataâs robot theater
âActors have always been robots: they repeat sentences they memorized, they repeat movements they were taught
âWhat is unusual is not that a robot would be an actor, but that a human would do such a robotic thing as to be an actor
102. Case study: Japan
â˘Why build âdomesticâ robots?
âXenophobia: instead of importing foreign workers, letâs build more Japanese people
âShinto: animism
âNote: in the USA most of the advanced robots are for military use and industrial automation (war and productivity)
103. Case study: Japan
â˘The uncanny valley
âErnst Jentsch: âOn the Psychology of the Uncannyâ (1906)
âMasahiro Mori: âThe Uncanny Valleyâ (1970)
104. Case study: Japan
â˘The uncanny valley
âJapanese robots tend to be female because they look less threatening
105. Case study: Japan
â˘What remains after all human skills have been downloaded into a machine?
â˘Are we just sophisticated automata?
âEvolution designed us to survive in the environment
âDNA programs our lives, even our diseases
âNeurons react to external stimuli and direct our actions
âMemes invade our minds and steer our thoughts
106. Case study: Japan
â˘Bibliography
âChristopher Bolton: âFrom Wooden Cyborgs to Celluloid Souls: Mechanical Bodies in Anime and Japanese Puppet Theaterâ (2002)
âTimothy Hornyak: âLoving the Machine: The Art and Science of Japanese Robotsâ (2006)
âMarina Warner: âPhantasmagoria: Spirit Visions, Metaphors, and Media into the Twenty-first Centuryâ (2006)
âJennifer Parker: âCyborg Theatre: Corporeal-Technological Intersections in Multimedia Performanceâ (2011)
âKara Reilly: âAutomata and Mimesis on the Stage of Theatre Historyâ (2011)
âJennifer Robertson: âRobo Sapiens Japanicusâ (2007)
107. 107
Case study: Japan
â˘Painting
âMakoto Aida (1965, Japan)
âPicture of Waterfallâ (2010)
"A Path Between Rice Fields"" (1991)
108. 108
Case study: Japan
â˘Painting
âMakoto Aida (1965, Japan)
âThe Giant Member Fuji Vs King Gidoraâ (1992)
"Harakiri School Girls" (2002)
109. 109
The Age of Globalization
â˘Painting
âMakoto Aida (1965, Japan)
"Ash Color Mountains" (2011)
110. 110
The Age of Globalization
â˘Painting
âMakoto Aida (1965, Japan)
âBlender" (2001)
111. The future of Body
â˘No body?
âWe spend an increasing amount of time in a disembodied virtual world of emails, websites, social media and even e-learning
112. The future of Body
â˘Meditation:
âThe longest living bodies on the planet have no brain: bacteria and trees.